Management Change at Cal-Tek Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management alternate at Cal-Tek - Essay ExampleIt can be mentioned that if the organisations fail to realise and adapt to the forces of change thusly it can lead to lower efficiency, profitability, productivity and personal ineffectiveness. In the epoch of globalisation, it becomes significant for the organisations to manage the self-propelling and the inevitable changes that take place in the organisation. There is tremendous competition among the unattackables and as a moment it becomes essential for the organisations to be flexible so that they ar capable of implementing the changes when it is required for the survival of that particular firm (PHCC, 2008). Task 1 External and Internal Forces Driving lurch at Cal-Tek External Forces Driving the Change It is a well known fact that change require to be accepted as a significant part of the organisational life. There are two main forces that drive the change in the organisation. They are the internal factors and the external factors. It is the external factors that motivate the demand for change in the organisation. ... A company unavoidably to analyse if it is the leader in the particular marketplace. There are many factors such as ever-changing tastes and preferences of the customers, mergers and acquisitions and globalisation that pose competitive threats to the organisations and thus challenge the niche of every organisation. Technology can likewise be considered as one of the significant factors motivating the change. The reason behind this is that it has the ability to change the focus the work is done and the relationship, significant to the organisation such as the employees, customers, investors and suppliers. In most of the times, the changes are brought about in the society and culture by means of shift in the expectations, values, peoples needs and values. The attitude demonstrated by the individual towards the quality, work, role of government and national identity tend to be affected b y the political and social events. The other external drivers of change are government policies, laws and regulations. Organisations are supposed to operate indoors the boundaries of governmental influence (Russell & Russell, 2006). Internal Forces Driving The Change The internal forces unprompted the change in the organisation tend to be internal to the organisation. The internal factors take place within the enterprise so as to push the organisation, its leadership, its investors and stakeholders to move in a different direction from what has been followed in the past. Leadership is one of the significant internal forces of change in the organisation. By means of inspiring others, oblation new ideas, the leaders tend to instil new direction in the organisation. It is the

What role does social class play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

What role does social dissever play - Essay ExampleLooking at the work of Jane Austen in her novel Pride and impairment it could be said that the novel is one of the most quintessential novels of manners and etiquettes that has effectively and provocatively draw the role of social classes in society. Austen has dealt with the issues of manners, education, marriage, principles and upbringing in a society of the elite gentry of the nineteenth century England. Similarly, one other novel that has also discussed the subject of social class and its role in the society in a different manner is Room at the Top by arse Braine. The novel was written in 1957 and has discussed how social class, desires, and the socio-economic beats can change the entire course of human life, especially his love and passion. The novel rotates around a story of young, ambitious man who is struggling hard to set his place in the socially escalating society during the postwar Britain (Austen, 1853 Braine, 1957 ).In the essay, I would like to explore whether or not the social class as presented in the aforementioned novels, has a similar role in the society. Furthermore, I would also like to study what exactly were the reasons behind the urge to get socially bear on in the society. Furthermore, the essay would also discuss whether the same techniques (as discussed in the novels) are being used for the socio-economic struggle in the present day societies or not (Braine, 1957).Considering these questions as the basis of my study, I would like to co-ordinated the essay with various researches and studies from the past in order to gain data and information on the subject. However, I would only stick to the two main novels that I have selected for this essay for discussing social class and its role. With the suspensor of this essay, I would like to study the fundamentals and the concepts that are associated with the subject and in arts and humanities. Itwill benefactor me to broaden my hori zon, knowledge and understanding

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Ethics - Essay Example usu all in ally the debate on the coming back of abortion is based on the definition of human carriage-time, as two sides disagree as to what human life is. In this paper, an attempt will be made to announcement the moral question regarding the issue of abortion using utilitarianism. The issue of abortion will be evaluated using the utilitarian ethics and solutions will be proposed. The issue of abortion will also be discussed and arguments of both sides will also be evaluated. A brief description of utilitarianism will also be include in the paper. The Issue of Abortion Abortion commands human induced ending or terminating pregnancy. In the work on of abortion, the embryo is removed before achieving human life form. Abortion is considered a moral issue all over the world. Some regard as taking away an innocent life. Mostly the criticism regarding abortion comes from religious circles. The argument made those who oppose abortion is that it is a process which disallows a life from climax into this world and therefore it is equal to murder. Moral question regarding abortion is also raised because basic independence of the living being is violated. People compare it with murder, and therefore abortion remains a controversial issue all over the world. Pro abortionists argue that abortion is not equivalent to murder because it does not involve taking a human life. ... abortionists also argue that parents are in the best position to subside about the future of their life and family, and therefore their decision should not be questioned or challenged when it comes to abortion. The main leaving of opinion in both the schools of conceit arises from the definition of a human life. Anti abortionist argue that a fertilized egg is a human being and therefore terminating it is equal to termination of a human life (Gutting, 1). On the other end, pro abortionists argue that human life is not achieved until a child takes up a human form, usua lly after several weeks of the pregnancy. This is the crux of the debate between the two schools of thought and it is not easily possible to take a side. There is no consensus as to what is human life and therefore this debate is yet to be resolved. Utilitarianism A Brief Introduction Utilitarianism is a well cognise ethical possible trans meet forwarded by John Stuart Mill which argues that the morality of an action can be fixed by analyzing the consequences of that action on the majority members of the society. If an action yields maximum happiness or benefit for a maximum make out of people then the action is morally permissible. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentalist ethical theory where morality of the action is determined by the consequences of those actions and nothing else. Utilitarianism determines the wrongness or the rightness by evaluating the action on the basis of the good or benefit it causes to the overall society or the maximum number of people involved. U tilitarian ethics ignore universal standards or any other standards for evaluating an action and inject all weight on the consequences of the action and the positive or negative effect on the action on all parties involved.

Business portfolio. Company Google Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business portfolio. Company Google - Term Paper ExampleGoogle was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin whilst studying for their doctors degree Stanford University in 1995. However, the troupe was founded in 1998. The company mainly specializes in Internet-related products and services. These products and services include software, search, online advertising technologies, maculate computing. The company also derives a lot from returns from ads. The company also offers online productivity software including Gmail, as salubrious as a social networking site. The other products offered by the company particularly in the desktop parting include web browsing applications, instant messaging, and photo editing. Last but not least, the organization leads the growth of the mobile operating system for Android.The relegation of Google is mainly to organize the information and make it universally useful and approachingible by every person. The companys initial goal before it diversified t o receive all global information and organize it.A good mission and vision didactics should capture the aspirations of the company and should also indicate where the company wants to go, and along with its core products. In the case of Google, the mission and vision statement does not meet the criteria. This is because it aims to organize information and make it universally available to all people. This kind of mission does not even indicate which kind of information it wanted to organize and how people will access given that not everybody across the world has access to the Internet.

DATA ANALYSIS PORTFOLIO OF WORK - Working Party Forum Questionnaire Essay

DATA ANALYSIS PORTFOLIO OF WORK - Working Party forum Questionnaire mobile canteen and Staff shop - Essay ExampleIt is at this forum where members approve the report and dividend, scrutinize the budget and bind suggestion on how to improve services offered by the canteen. As part of social eudaemonia arrangement, the canteen strives to provide a cheap alternative feeding programme to employees on duty. However, profitability is a key requirement as it a collective investment. People engage in business ventures to make profit although it is not important that you realize profit yearly (Stephen 2011). To boost sales and increase profits, the commissioning proposed to members to allow it starts selling fervid food and open a staff shop during a operative party forum held on 23rd December, 2011. As a tradition, such new venture is subjected to explore after which the members deliberate and acts on findings and recommendations of the report. To this end, the committee sought my serv ices in conducting a survey on the proposal with core intention of finding out the opinion of workforce regarding the proposals. Besides, the study had the following(a) objectives To gauge the support for or against hot food and staff shop To determine appropriate cartridge holder for military service hot food To determine the cost likely to be incurred by staff buying hot food To find out the preferred type of hot food and other categories To establish the time to open the shop and commodities to sell COLLECTION OF DATA The random sample technique was apply to appoint a representative population. In random sampling individuals are picked from study population based on chance (Leonard and Leonard 2009). This technique ensured that each employee has an equal chance of taking part in the survey and and then not biased. The sample was deemed to be a true representative of the population because in this method the knead of coming up with a sample was based on probability and no t predetermined. The employees were assigned amount 1 to 510 according to the way the names appear in the payroll. The numbers were keyed in online sampling software called randomizer (randomizer.org), which generated 142 unique numbers. The numbers were matched with payroll numbers to select employees who represented the other workers in the survey. The following numbers were generated by randomizer 290, 133, 42, 201, 181, 175, 369, 431, 39, 239, 445, 2, 150, 296, 67, 8, 6, 387, 308, 167, 25, 90, 444, 408, 266, 203, 208, 292, 1, 122, 97, 284, 101, 477, 34, 92, 93, 85, 155, 457, 193, 301, 306, 396, 79, 191, 270, 246, 38, 162, 134, 354, 96, 437, 390, 264, 281, 27, 447, 209, 169, 412, 501, 194, 312, 21, 280, 195, 158, 176, 83, 46, 33, 388, 438, 410, 110, 368, 321, 50, 329, 365, 115, 434, 339, 318, 479, 17, 88, 508, 229, 61, 361, 440, 95, 156, 343, 311, 424, 382, 331, 421, 327, 124, 154, 373, 453, 187, 330, 493, 397, 200, 293, 372, 336, 119, 126, 407, 159, 47, 143, 87, 254, 89, 4, 459 , 64, 15, 358, 392, 252, 225, 65, 400, 352, 462, 433, 500, 232, 30, 40, 230. The employees corresponding to a selected number were given questionnaire to fill and then return it to Forum Representative within 7 days. Out of 142 questionnaires issued, 123 were returned to the committee. As the researcher, I scrutinized the filled questionnaires and accepted 114 to be used for analytical purpose. This number translates to 22.4% response rate corresponding to 8.1% error margin at 95% presumption level. This figure was calculated using online application (surveysystem.com) by feeding the sample size and required impudence

Natural disasters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Natural disasters - try ExampleEarthquakes manifest themselves on the surface of the earth by shaking and at times displacing the ground. at that place is a long memorial of seismic activity and earthquakes in Japan .Japan is a region characterized by high seismicity due to its location which is near main tectonic plate borders and is located on the peaceable Ring of Fire. Geologically the Japanese islands are as a consequence of many big ocean movements taking place more than hundreds of millions of years ago. Originally Japan was attached to the Eurasian continents eastern coast. Since the Eurasian plates were less deep than the subducting plates, Japan was pulled eastwards forming the Sea of japan about 15 million years ago (Smits,2014).Whereas on 23 August 416, an earthquake is mentioned in Yamato(present day Nara the Prefecture) sign earthquake to be dependably record occurred on28 May,599 in Nara prefecture ,during Empress Suikos reign, damaging buildings through the entir e Yamato province. several(prenominal) other historical accounts of earthquakes occurrents exist and with the creation of Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee in 1892, domineering collation of all available data was conducted and in 1899 published. The committee was suspended in 1923 after the occurrence of the Kanto earthquake and in 1925 and the Earthquake Research Institute superseded it (Clancey, 2006).The Kanto earthquake that occurred in 1923 is one of the deadliest in the history of Japan claiming about 105,385 deaths, whereas the Tohuku earthquake in 2011 is the costliest (USD 235 billion) and strongest earthquake on record. It is also the most costly inherent disaster to occur globally to date. There are numerous other earthquakes that have occurred and have been recorded in the history of Japan. Nevertheless, the Tohuku earthquake of 11th march 2011 is the strongest in

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Economic - Essay ExampleThis paper explores the reasons why chinas economy might grow to a greater extent slowly than it has in the last three decades.senior high school dependence on investment for growth rather than consumption is likely to hurt Chinas economy in the proximo. In the view of many economists, China needs to reduce this overreliance and rebalance in regularise to enable consumption to take control of the economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the country is mainly operate by consumption rather than investment. The annual GDP of China shows high potential of slowing in the future irrespective of the implementation of reforms (Tian parity bit 1).According to Robin Bew, a London-based Economist Intelligence unit of measurement managing director, the Chinese economic growth is likely to decline to 7.3% in 2014. The rate of economic growth testament slow further to 5.9% in 2018 and to approximately 5% after the next ten years, according to the EIU (Tian Para 5 ).Taking a keen look at the economy of China, one cannot fail to see looming signs of future economic doom. Banks have invested heavily into green energy project creating numerous corporations, which have in twist around catapult China to the spot light as the world biggest producer of solar panels. High investments in the manufacturing sector have begun to take a toll on the countrys economy with nonstarter hitting most banks that investment heavily solar panel manufacturing. The booming property market is ontogeny in such a way that it seems to have surpassed political relation control. When the boom is finally over, anyone can yet pray that China has a soft landing.However, the Chinese private consumption still remains the low when compared to major economies of the world. Unfortunately, there have been minimal attempts by the government to implement reforms that could reverse this trend. The Chinese government has practically balked at any possible reform that could boost consumption. The Chinese government policy is more of its old

Common Sense by Thomas Paine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

commons Sense by Thomas Paine - Essay ExampleStill, he helped in reforming the British Reform performance and brought liberty to France. In brief, Common sense is a agreelet that advocated an instant declaration of the independence, which in incline would postulate a moral obligation to the Americans and the rest of the world. The writing sparked the American Revolution with its great insights that campaigned on freedom and liberty. The pamphlet challenged the leadership of British organisation and its Royal monarchy by openly asking for independence. To date, his supporting inspires many as he presented great ideas of how mankind was originally created to be equal and thus, challenged the British Government that the equality could not be destroyed. The booklet Common Sense has been the most influential tract towards American Revolution ever published in English. The main idea was to encourage the colonists to reinforce their resolve to wear the most roaring anti-colonial de cision of the modern history. Paines Work represents one or more shaping American Characteristics as his arguments enhance significance in the American Declaration of Independence. Paines writings created a strong ground to the movement that had seldom worked out in then(prenominal) decades. The writing impacted powerfully on the sovereignty of people and printed constitutions, which he declared his interests on freedom, liberty, and equality for all people. Still, he insisted on effective checks along with balances in the political sympathies as he thought this would transform the economy and break standards of living. In his writting, he inspired many with great thoughts of defining the American characteristics as discussed. In my opinion, this book has resonated with so many different societies and people over the past decades because it presents great thoughts that regard freedom, liberty, and equality. Many signalise themselves with Paines ideas that mostly majored on defin ing human characteristics. In other words, his emphasize was to bring a concept that would transform the world with common sense on the need for freedom. To gain a guide understanding, he outlines how the society by its nature is a blessing but regard government in its best state as evil. Paine affirms that the British government destroyed innocent lives thus it was unanswerable to deny human rights. Following this, the writer advocated for an immediate declaration of independence that would regard the rights of people. Therefore, the booklet becomes the leaven for the past decades as it presents great thoughts of freedom, liberty, and equality that most societies and people find it helpful. In his writting, Paine talks at distance about monarchy in general and how the British Monarchy was holding back Americans potential. He was successful into bringing the political debate that the British Government merit the attention of other countries with their own governments to form. He captures readers attention by successfully persuading them that his ideas simply common sense when he relates his ideas in the scripture that snub the monarchy government as one of the Jews sins. He continues to assert that in every instance the monarchy is popery to the government but not to the ordinary citizens. In this regard, he was successful into bring the concept of monarchy into a satisfying political debate by relating it with biblical doctrines that viewed monarchy as evil. Therefore,

Business value of information Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business value of entropy - Assignment Example plectrum for its customers through with(predicate) a partnership with PayPal, where the customers could now be able to dedicate their bills owed to the ships company through PayPal (Telstra Exchange Technology, 2013). This was later enhanced through Telstra introducing another electronic armorial bearing option for its customers in June 2014, where the customers are now able to pay their bills electronically directly to the company (Cameron, 2014).Through the pertly introduced electronic billing system, Telstra sends its the customer bills to the customers electronically, and the customers in turn pay their bills to the company electronically. This system has enabled Telstra to carry out on its operational cost, through reducing the need for the paper work required in billing the customers and sending them printed bills, as well as the costs involved in processing the paper returns once the customers pay their bills. Nevertheless , while the electronic billing service is instrumental to reducing the operational costs of the business for Telstra, it can be enhanced even further if operated as part of the overall green light Resource Planning (ERP) system of the company (Varajao, Cruz-Cunha & Trigo, 2012). Thus, Telstra has an opportunity to improve its electronic billing services through the consolidation of the electronic billing option into the overall ERP.The benefits associated with the integration of the electronic billing services of the company into the overall ERP system of the company is that the costs of operating this system will be reduced further. The integration of the electronic billing system of Telstra would reduce the costs associated with both the implementation and maintenance of the systems (Varajao, Cruz-Cunha & Trigo, 2012). Further, the accountability of the electronic billing system would be enhanced when it is integrated and operated as part of the whole ERP system of the company. This is because supervise and auditing the system would be easier, as opposed to when it is done

Organization Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization Design - Essay employmentFor example, in the case of a pharmaceutical company, power is retained by the R&D section because it is the very department that generates resources. Which subunits qualify for receiving the information is dictated by the organizational structure. When a certain subunit in the organizational structure has more(prenominal) control over information compared to other subunits, it is capable of influencing the opinions and consequently influence the decision making process. Subunits that are rudimentary to the organization have more power than others. Manufacturing is central in a low-cost organizational culture. Organizations sometimes need to assign more power to a certain subunit in order to ensure that it makes optimal use of the resources. The balance of power surrounded by the different subunits is not always suitable for effective utilization of the resources (Jones, 2010, p. 423). Apart from this, there can be relational ties between the executive managers and the head of one of the subunits, which can become a reason for more delegation of power to that subunit compared to

Academic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Academic paper - Essay ExampleThe paper will also discuss the poetic rhythm of implementing diverseness in the HR operations of the organization.As a recap of the SWOT analysis conducted, it has been ascertained that the main weakness being faced by PAC is that the management styles used by the HR department are divisive. As a result, the employees are not motivated and the other issue is that in the staffing department, only one person is responsible for performing various tasks related to recruitment along with another(prenominal) recruit. The other weakness is that the employee grievances are not addressed on time. The leaders lack understanding of the require of the employees and this contributes towards low morale among them. The major threat witnessed from this analysis is that the benefits and compensation structures are significantly high and they tension the financial status of the organization. The fraternity is paying large sums of money to cover the benefits of the e mployees and this scenario may not be sustainable in the long run.From the findings outlined above, it has been recommended that cost cutting measures particularly in the area of tug force should be implemented. This will go a long way in helping the company to save money while at the same time improving its operations. The human resources department should be tasked with assessing the viable measures that can be taken in order to make necessary changes that would not negatively impact on the operations of the company. The other issue is that in order for the company to operate viably, it is recommended that it should marry change especially in the structure of human resources management. During the contemporary period, it can be observed that change in the operations of the company is inevitable due to the dynamism of the environment in which the company operates (Jackson and Schuler, 2010). Thus, initiate leaders should anticipate change and act accordingly and they should also take a

Organizational Situations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Situations - Case Study ExampleThe premier way to deal with low righteouse is finding out the root causes of morale. The top managerial squad are aware of the insurmountable events leading to the situation at hand. The executive need to reveal to the employees that they are the backbone of the organization success, and without them it is deemed to drown into absolute failure. Secondly, it is vital to come up with a strategic plan, so that every employee can be aware of what is expected of them in his area of jurisdiction. Effective and honest parley will elate constructive ideologies. Employees should be allowed to provide feedback to all the burdens they are facing, as well as involve them in decision making and policy formulation.Most significantly, inauguration of a recognition and recognise scheme will be the foundation to success since each employee will strive to remain the best, then an escalation in productivity. It is a win-win situation for both emplo yees and the company. A conflicts resolution committee should handle any arising issue earliest possible, so that it may not bring divisions. All these activities, on adoption, will increase the moral of the staff, which will in turn heighten their productivity. The firm will regain more profits, and occurrences of layoffs will be past

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Art - Essay useIt is true that media artists today consider both aesthetics and morals in their work. In the current investigation, my brain of view is that the most important thing in a work of art is its ethical qualities, because no matter how hard one tries, one cannot get away from ethics. To me, concentrating wholly on form and ignoring ethics is basically blinding oneself to a critical persuasion of artistic creation and ( particularly) consumption. Television, movies, and other media arts be judged in terms of morality and ethical qualities as a foremost consideration to ignore this aspect borders on folly.Media arts are made for public consumption, and part of this public consumption is the ethical legal opinion of the genre and the product. Television must pass censorship standards, and movies must pass ratings standards. When people watch a movie, especially a mass-market production, they are often watching an ethical polarization of good and evil (good guys vs. stu rdy guys). And if there is ambiguity between who is the bad guy and the good guy, this is also a moral or ethical question. From our casual conversations about the moral status of cinematic villains and heroines, through debates about the effects of the portraying of violence by Hollywood International, to arguments about the portrayal of sex and sexuality, film talk is intimately level(p) up with ethical concerns and evaluations (Meskin, 2009). The same can be said of talk about other media arts, especially television, which seeks to appeal to a mass market kind of morality or ethics. To say that media arts is barely formalism is all well in good in a very limited art-house context, solely to consider the real situation, one must accept the mass-media perspective. In this perspective, ethics and morality are explicitly involved in the consumption of media arts. One cannot subtract ethics from this consideration to do so would be to lose a large piece of the puzzle in terms of how human beings react

Womens college basketball, Rice Vs Tulan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Womens college basketball, Rice Vs Tulan - Essay ExampleConsidering the fact that this risque was the first one to be live broadcasted on cable TV, the organizers of the contact tried their best to try everything needed to ensure the safety and comfort of the viewers. The playground was decorated like the playgrounds for headmaster teams, there were piles of people who pictureed over to pr typesetters case any misunderstanding among the spectators. And, of course, no alcoholic drinks were allowed.Live broadcasting of this event testament inevitably have positive impact on the overall puff upness of the university sporting budget, as it can possibly attract sponsors, and head hunters who look for potential professional players in the college teams. College giving medication will get the resources needed to improve the sporting base, and motivate players and trainers for more effective work.As Ive already noted, the college administration have spent lots of money for preparin g the playground to this game. Nevertheless, they hope that their expenditures will be covered by the profits from advertising during the match. And, what is true, there were quite a lot of companies who agreed to pay Tulan for putting their advertisements on the playground. Live broadcasting have automatically transformed this match into an almost national event, as people all over the country could see it live. On the example of this game we can see the surgical operation of sports commercialization. College sport nowadays is a pre-school for many professional sportsman, but it is inevitably drives less attention than the professional sporting events. Nevertheless with each passing year the expenditures on college sports became grater, and more attention is driven to the contests surrounded by college basketball, baseball, swimming, and even soccer teams.In the case described there is the additional factor that increases the chances for popularity - players are female. Its well known, that despite the Title IX and all other measures, for many people womens sport is more of enhancive value than of sporting one. This is the reason for which the Tulan basketball team may help its university increase the sporting budget, and go away more popular. The girls from the Tulane College won. They were happy, no less than the NBL players after winning the last match in the season. I handle them luck, and I will watch their progress in future.2. Wycombe v Chelsea, 10/01/07 This was the sporting event I watched on TV, an important soccer match for the Carling Cup semi-final in Britain. Soccer is very popular in the United Kingdom, and, despite of the fact, that this tournament wasnt the one of national importance, there were lots of viewers who gathered to watch it on the tribunes, and lots of people in different countries watched it broadcasted.Like most of the important sporting events, this match attracted the attention of numerous sponsors. There were lots of adv ertisements on the playround, before tha match, durng, and after it. The companies, who are interested in advertising their products to the specific audience (and those are mostly men, who are soccer-lovers) are ready to part

Conflicts can lead to distruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflicts can lead to distruction - Essay ExampleAs per the assumptions and predictions among semipolitical observers, China may replace America from the superpower post in near future itself. It should be noted that communism is prevailing in China whereas Japan is a democratic country. Naturally, Americas policies ar more aligned more in favour of Japan rather than China. Its approach seems to prep are been planned by bookworms and entrepreneurs, rather than politicians (Jingsheng). America knows that a war between Japan and China would muted down the progress of China considerably and hence they are not doing allthing to ease the tensions between these countries. This news report analyses the China and Japan confrontation over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands through the lenses of Classical Realism and Neorealism. Key facts Japan annexed the islands in 1895 China started showing interest in them only in the early 1970sNo ace has lived in any of these two islands after WW2 These two islands are very small in size The islands, known as the Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China Chinas interest in the islands rose in the late 1960s, when scientists began saying the nearby seafloor could hold oil deposits (Fackler) The current tensions began earlier this year when the nationalist regulator of Tokyo announced his desire to buy three of the islands from their owner, a Japanese citizen (Territorial dispute involving Japan) Predictions of Realist guess and Neorealist theory Realism explains the relationships between nations in terms of power. In realist theories power is defined as capabilities that can crap influence. Military force is perceived as the most important element of power by realists. States with higher(prenominal) power always use its power for getting leverages in a bargaining process. However, strategies and other parameters also have the ability to influence the outcome of a negotiation or barging process (Chapter Summary). Realist theories beli eve that egoism is the primary objective which drives international politics. It argues that international dodges are highly anarchic, a purpose which believes that there is no universal sovereign government which can resolve international disputes. Neorealist theories argue that states by their nature are security seeking. In other words, security and survival are the primary objectives of each state. Another concept of neorealist theory is that states seek only relative security in comparison to other states (Bordner, p.1). Neorealism argues that there are only three possible systems in international politics a unipolar system, bipolar system and multipolar system. In their opinion, bipolar system is more stable than multipolar system because of the greater balancing act it can provide. Neorealism believes that war is inevitable and permanent peace is only a distant dream because of the anarchic organise of current international system. Classical Realist explanation of the Chi na-Japan island confrontation The value of the islands has never been in their aesthetics, but in history and geopolitics what control of the islands says about the relative power of Asias two economic giants, one rising and the other in what many see as a slow decline(Fackler). China is one of the rapidly emerging economies in the world at present. Many people believe that China may expel America from the superpower spot in near future itself. In fact no other country in the world at present is capable of matching the economic gain of China. In fact the recent

Includes limitations and recommendations for further research Essay Example for Free

Includes limitations and recommendations for further seek EssayThe Chinese sticking industry has a prime role to finance the suppuration of China by adapting global best practices. chamfers as HSBC atomic number 18 finance the growth across a wide swathe of people, businesses and nations. The Chinese Banking industry is rapidly adapting to the planetary financial mechanisms, adopting the best practices of many banking activities such as internet and mobile banking, increased customer focussing and bundling of service.Bank of China is providing a high level of service to its customers, which has been so accepted by two thirds of the populace that it has served. However there are number of areas in which there is scope for cogency and better customer service where low scores in some case of a classical 30 % plus have been indicated which should be a cause of concern for the management and specific areas as indicated by the research need to be addressed.The Bank of China get out have to invest great technological as well as management resources in enhancing its internet banking model to satisfy the customers, let timely and efficient services. Since large quanta of customers are likely to use the internet in the future, investiture in this critical resource volition prove to be greatly beneficial to banks. HSBC on the other overstep has provided a good model of internet banking which other banks could well emulate.The trend is also to pass water customers to go on line and use the communication enabled services on offer including mobile and internet banking. A key facet which is noticeable in HSBCs services is bundling of personal services with drop dead insurance, travel m wholenessy and even airport parking every(prenominal) into one large group and providing discounts on all three to varying degrees thereby adding to the convenience of the customer as well as enabling the bank to easily service him. Chinas banking sector is set to see tw o major challenges which will be faced by banks as BOC.The first which would be obvious from the study is the threat of strange banks such as HSBC which having a better experience of providing customer friendly services and with an ability to instal innovative products which will be able to attract a large portion of the high harbor and business clientele in the country. (BOC Global Offering, 2006). This is likely to see greater increase with Chinas accession to the WTO. In the beginning of 2007, remote banks would be conducting commercial banking in foreign currency as well as Renminbi without any limitations of locations.(BOC Global Offering, 2006). The Chinese government is also encouraging the entry of foreign participation in the finance sector, particularly related to automobile financing and also in tidy and restructuring of the financial institutions. (BOC Global Offering, 2006). The other challenge identified is the demand for high value products which stick out enabl e growth of economy as well as reduce the risk such as investment banking and insurance. The need will also be felt for products relating to asset management.These could also extend support for underwriting during mergers and acquisitions and financing and securitization of projects. (BOC Global Offering, 2006). However as a competitive business entity, HSBC is focusing on the perceived growth areas such as credit cards and it is said to be teaming up with the Chinese Bank of communication theory to provide credit cards to the large majority of Chinese who do not own one thereby creating vast business opportunities. (Schuman, 2006). The Bank of China could exploit such a strategy epoch at the same time fulfilling its social obligations in personal banking for the less privileged.A survey of the issues cover in the research will indicate that the lead banks of China are well set to encounter this challenging task of providing services of a global standard. An increased interaction with global banks as HSBC will prove beneficial for BOC to attain its ends as stated in its vision of a, Market-driven, Client-oriented, World-class Financial services institution, a robust corporate governance structure, capable of delivering outstanding performance over a coarse term. (About Bank of China,. 2006).There were a number of limitations during this research first of all, the number of respondents to questionnaires is check, because it is difficult to collect development from large number of consumers due to constraints of time and resources. Secondly the subject being of a contemporary genius the response of the bank staff is restricted to the stated company policy. As also there is limited research material in terms of reference books on the specific subject, thus there has to be reliance on sources provided by the two banks as well as journals and the internet.This limitation might induce some error in the research, however the researcher insisted on a precise a pproach, therefore the results of research are reliable. The Chinese banking industry provides a number of areas for further research. Detailed research can be undertaken on the impact of WTO on Chinese banking industry. In addition research on the role of the profound bank in China in supporting financial autonomy and greater growth can also be undertaken.Adoption of best practices by other state banks of China could also be another area of study.References 1. About Bank of China. 2006. http//www. bank-of-china. com/en/common/third. jsp? category=ROOT%3Een%3EInformation+Center%3EAbout+BOC%3EAbout+Bank+of+China. ( 22 disdainful 2006). 2. Agent. 2006. http//www. bank-of-china. com/en/common/third. jsp? category=ROOT%3Een%3ECorporate+Banking%3EOther+Services+in+Money+ counselling%3EAgent+Bank+Business. (23 August 2006).3. Assurance. 2006. http//www. hsbc.co. uk/1/2/business/insurance. (26 August 2006). 4. Bancassurance, 2006. http//www. bank-of-china. com/en/common/third. jsp? categ ory=1099361248100. (23 August 2006). 5. BOC Global Offering. 2006. 202. 66. 146. 82/listco/hk/boc/prospectus/pro060518. pdf . (26 August 2006). 6. BOCI. 2006. http//www. bank-of-china. com/en/common/third. jsp? category=1099540300100. (25 August 2006). Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )) Alternative paradigms in environmental education research The interpretive perspective.

Solving Interpersonal Communication Problems Essay Example for Free

Solving social Communication Problems EssayEverything that we do with early(a) people involves conference such(prenominal) that all our social interactions be communicative and they presume confabulation fulfiles. Inter mortalal converse is characterized by communion from adept individual to a nonher, chat which is face to face and both the form and content of converse reflect the personal characteristics of the individual as whole slightly as their social roles and relationships (Ellis, 2009). Interpersonal communion develops relationships of slightly sort among the communicating parties for pattern when in that location is high degree of trust among them, where from each one person is prep ard to openly discuss their feelings and where the participants pose a mutual liking toward each other (Hartley, 2005). In this parapraxis the kind of relationship created is that of instructor to scholarly person relationship. Both the teacher and the savant have the d uty of seeking clarification whether they understand each other to minimize involvements surrounded by them.Interpersonal talk is everlastingly a two way process core that two parties must be involved. The parties draw and quarter passs to each other such that there is the sender and the pass receiver but this is not static since the sender to a fault becomes the recipient to complete the communication process (Hartley, 2005). The geographics teacher in this nerve acts as the root word when teaching and the students as the recipients. On the other lapse the situation can be reversed where the student becomes the source and the teacher the recipient, this happens when the student seeks clarification.Interpersonal communication is an ongoing process and not an event. However, during the process of communication several things may happen that may incapacitate or create problems such that the parties do not communicate as intended. In most cases these problems are termed a s hurly burly in the process of communication. They hinder the sender and the recipient from decoding the vocalises and signs move leading to misinterpretation of each other thereof passing the injure messages.For instance in the case where the geographics teacher intends to communicate to students on probable examinable questions yet some other students do not understand the teacher and even though they are hardworking they end up break-danceing the exam. In this scenario it can be concluded that some noise existed surrounded by the teacher and the students and the intended message was not communicated. The existence of communication problem between the teacher and the father of the student may be verbalise to have resulted from anger of the father out-of-pocket to the sons failure in the evidence and the data availed to the father by the son. The remedies to this social communication will too be discussed later in the paper. Problems of social communicationLanguage b arriersThe complexities of language codes are often highlighted in communication across cultural boundaries. in that respect are number barriers in interpersonal communication that are related to language. Among the most common acknowledge lack of equivalent words where the sender and the receiver comes from different cultural backgrounds and they procedure same word to mean different things (Ellis, 2009), lack of equivalent grammar or syntax this may pay the parties in the communication to misinterpret the information forwarded by each other. For instance same words may work as nouns or verbs or adjectives for example in English lift a catch or thumb a lift in the first case the word a thumb is a noun and in the second case a thumb is verb.Use of idioms and similes may in any case cause misunderstanding as different culture use them differently. Pronunciation is also a major problem in interpersonal communication this may alter the meaning of the word for instance problems as sociated with pronunciation of r and l i may pronounce right as light (Bovee Thill, 2000). In a secern background such pronunciation problems may make the students fail to communicate as intended. The language problems in the communications process are thus very common in classrooms for instance its common to find student having different class notes as they hear different things from their teachers. The language used by the geography teacher may have not been undersas welld by the student who failed in the test this creates a conflict between the student and the teacher and its escalated further to family of the student. Use of non-verbal signsNon-verbal communication is a type of communication which consists of unspoken cues that a communicator sends in conjunction with spoken or written message for example, a persons t ane of voice where the individual vary the tone of the voice by either make it loud or sharp, facial expression, eye behavior, head gesticulate, nose thumbing , thumb movement. In sum ones postures and manner of walking also may have communication significance for instance a person may walk in a manner which indicates utter despair. Also the distance between two individual involved in private conversation shows the relationship between the two (Turner West, 2008). It is accordingly the responsibilities of the receiver and the sender to decode the message passage so as to keep down misunderstanding.The receiver decodes and interprets the message sent and responds by sending back feedback which helps the sender to find out if the receiver has correctly see the message. The problem arises where the receiver misinterprets the message sent since he or she will respond by vilify feedback. Such misinterpretation may arise since individual comes from different cultural background and a certain non-verbal communication may have a totally different meaning to other cultures, for instance nodding of the head in some culture symbolizes acceptan ce or agreement but in some cultures it symbolizes disagreement (Kalefleisch,1993).In a class context the teachers changes of tones, facial expressions or uses cues that they suppose will help them to communicate effectively. In hinting what topic will appear in the tests the expression do by the geography teacher may have been misunderstood by the students resulting in students revising in other topics which made them to fail the exam. Use of communicative cues at times thus poses a supply ship problem in interpersonal communication.Channel noiseThis problem is caused by physical barriers and is mostly ascribable to our senses of smelling, touching, tasting, hearing and seeing. Among the common conduct noise includes laughing talking, coughing, sneezing, and snoring such noise can be inside or outside the setting of the source and the recipient of the message. For instance an aircraft over a grammatical construction or a lawn mower outside a classroom, people talking or yell ing loud in the hallways or outside windows it can be even murmuring of students in class in the class students noting may distract other from listening (Ellis, 2009). The speaker may also not be audible enough, may have inappropriate appearance or have bad mannerisms that contribute to miserable communication with the audience. If the speaker keeps on jingling his keys from the pockets this is still noise that may distract effective communication (Campbell Nelson, 2010).A school has m every(prenominal) activities going on at the same time for instance cleanup position of pavements, students moving up and down to laboratories and respective classes, cutting or trimming of hedges outside the classroom or continuous murmuring or laughing of students in class. All these distract the student in one way or the other from the teacher because causing the student to miss some of the teachers remarks. This means that communication is not effective. May be such noises distracted the studen t when the geography teacher hinted on the topic to appear in tests and this made the student not to capitalize on the hinted topic hence failing an exam which became the source of the conflict. Psychological noise/emotional problemIt also presents barriers to communication. Nervousness and anxiety can sometimes in certain situations be barriers to communication as well as tension that may be caused by controversy or conflict. The source of the message may use words or phrases that may be viewed negatively by the other party. The topic of password may also be controversial or no appealing to the other party or the audience may feel that the speaker is biased hence he may lack bear on in listening to the speaker (Hartley, 2005). On the other hand the topic of discussion may be boring and the person nerve-racking to communicate may also be boring this may make even the listener to start dozing or sleeping hence unable to hear the speakers main points.It also true that some people m ay not like the person trying to pass messages and so they pay little attention no matter the message intended to be communicated. At times psychological noise may result from the audiences habit of thinking of what is to happen coterminous for instance may be they also have to address the audience or they have a test in the near future or the events that happened sometimes back. Fatigue, stress or sometimes wrong timing for instance too early in the morning, too close to lunchtime or too late in the day when the listener are tired and the listeners may be faking attentiveness hence not decoding the message (Huff, 2008).In class context for instance student fakes attentiveness to avoid existence punished or to please their teachers. Such cases, the teacher may be cheated that the student have understood the message being passed to students yet this is not the case .The teacher leaves satisfied that the message has been passed. In our case the student who is failed to pass the test may had psychological problems when the teacher was explaining on the examinable topics in the tests hence failed to decode the message that was being passed on this left the teacher with the impression that all students were attentive and would pass exams if they capitalized on the taught areas but this was not the case since some students end up failing the test. In sum the problem of the communication between the teacher and the father of the student who failed the exam resulted from the irritation of the father due to his sons failure in the test, misunderstanding occurs when the father feels that the teacher has responsibility of making the student pass the test while may be the teacher felt that he communicated effectively to students on what to expect in the tests. Solutions to interpersonal communication problemsLanguage problems should at all times is avoided when communication is taking place between individuals but the major concern is how to avoid them. The parties in a communication exercise should ensure that they use the words that have similar cross-cultural meanings so that misinterpretation is avoided. Use of idioms, similes and other figurative languages should also be avoided and if used they should explained and made sure that the recipient understands the message fully (Fussel Kreuz, 1998). Pronunciation problems can be avoided by the source only if he practices to pronounce words properly however in some contexts like in a class pronunciation can be solved by spell the words used or writing on the board so that communication is made effective. In addition to these language problems the teacher should understands the language problems of his students so that assistance is given in special cases as the instincts of the teacher feel that they may not comprehend the terms used.Non-verbal cues are inherent in any communication process and people should not always assume that they understand what gestures means otherwise the fail to compreh end the message sent. In order to avoid the problems associated with nonverbal signs the recipient should pay attention to what is being said since most nonverbal cues are aimed to emphasize a verbal message. For instance in class context a teacher may raise the voice to underscore something previously said. In addition it should be made sure that nonverbal and verbal messages match to avoid miscoding and misinterpretation. People should also be tentative in interpreting nonverbal communication due to the cultural differences in nonverbal cues.It also advisable to avoid non-verbal distractions when communicating since it at times act as noise in interpersonal communication. For instance shifting your eyes or continuously playing with ones hair may add other meanings in the message being conveyed. Non-verbal signs should also be put in context when using them. Attention should pay on non-verbal cues but they should place in the right context. To understand what nonverbal cues means o ne should consider the entire communication process not good on ingredient of it and we also need to ask others about what certain nonverbal cues mean in their culture (Turner West, 2008).In order to avoid psychological problems in interpersonal communication it advisable that to ensure that the parties in the communication process are psychologically prepared and they understand each other situation to avoid self-contradictory communication. The parties in the communication process should ensure that their topic of discussion is relevant, not boring and well measure to avoid distractions to other issues. Its also advisable that all parties are actively engaged for instance in class the teacher should engage students with questions to make sure that they do not fake attentiveness. In addition the case of parent teacher miscommunication, the parent should always be psychologically prepared that a student can fail or pass a test and its not always the fate of a teacher for studen t failure. To avoid psychological problem in interpersonal communication the parties should ensure that they know their feelings, analyses the situation, owning their feelings reframing when needed and empathizing such practices are complex activities that involve sensitivity, awareness, insight and empathy therefore just like any proficiency, emotional communication require patience and persistence (West Turner, 2008).Solution to the channel noise can only be rectified by making sure the right channel to communication is used. The parties in the communication process should ensure that conducive environment exists so that communication is effective. In this case internal settings of the class should have minimal noise only that cannot be controlled. The teacher should take the responsibility of ensuring source of noise such as murmuring is minimized however little can be done on immaterial settings since other activities must take place (Aswathappa, 2005). If in our case external noise is too high the teacher ought to raise his voice or the student to have asked the points lost for effective communication to take place. ConclusionInterpersonal communication is vital in developing relationships among individuals since every social interaction involves communication. As said earlier it involves at least two individuals passing messages to each other. Individual must be ready to express their feelings and emotions for interpersonal communication to be said to occur. Its a cyclic process that is continuous from source to recipient and vice versa where the recipient becomes the source and the source the recipient for the process to complete.Interpersonal communicational though very important and inevitable in our day to day activities has certain problems that hinder effective communication to occur between individuals. These problems include Language problems, channel related problems, non-verbal cues interpretation problems and psychological and emotional prob lem such as anger love and pretense. These problems if not well check into makes the communication between individual to deviate from the original intentions and they need to be checked every time individuals are communicating to avoid conflicts for instance the one that emerged between the teacher and student. ascertain more http//www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/solving-problems-of-interpersonal-communication-problems-english-language-essay.phpixzz2LX8NPmck

Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Treatment Of Psychological Disorders EssayPsychotherapy is a branch with which the long- damage and the healer work together to help the patient of deal with his/her genial difficulties in a more than than positive way which in turn would lessen the difficulty of psychological problem (Morris Maisto, 2003). Not all people with psychological problems assay psychotherapy however those who do aside of their hold volition be more likely to be victorful in therapy. However, there atomic number 18 psychological disorders that needs more than psychotherapy and a lot would use up hospitalization, of which treatment would be more of helping the patient regain his/her ability to function normally with forth the need for primary care and hospitalization, although medication and psychotherapy has to be continued as a long-term treatment. Different methods of psychotherapy have been loosely categorized into brainstorm therapies and behavioural therapies. Insight therapies is composed of several methods wit different perspectives on psychological difficulties that administer the aforesaid(prenominal) rationale that man would be more competent to deal with his/her difficulties if he/she is more adapted to understand why he/she smacks, thinks and behaves in such ways (Nairne, 2006). This group assumes that a mortal develops emotional, mental and relationship problems if he/she does non know and understand what motivate him/her in situations that are anxiety producing, contrast and threatening. Specific approaches that belong to this group include psychoanalysis, gestalt therapy, person-centered and existential therapy.One whitethorn in like manner argue that perceptiveness therapy is geared towards mans need to be aware of his/her intimate self, hence the so called sagacity to human motivation, emotion, desires, needs and thoughts. On the other hand, the behavioural therapies are made up of cognitive mienal therapies, rational-emotive beha vior therapy, and behavior therapy with the application of conditioning and modeling, and biofeedback. This other group at the opposite continuum from insight therapy says that a person nonify be able to deal with his/her difficulties if he/she is given the means with which to modify his/her behavior.Thus, therapy would be focused on teaching patients specific behaviors that would enable them to cope and deal with their psychological problems, this type of therapy are more c one timerned with treating symptoms than finding out the underlying causal agent of the problem. The difference between insight and behavioral therapy is that insight therapy is concerned with identifying and understanding the underlying cause of their problems while behavioral therapy contend that causes are not important but kinda therapy should be concentrated on modifying behavior (Nairne, 2006).Like the nature and value debate, it has now been agreed that not one perspective can be accounted for the su ccess of the therapy sessions, but rather some cases require that the underlying cause be unearthed while other cases can be heady without the need for determining the cause of the problems. It can be assumed that the need for discovering the causes of the psychological problem lies in its usefulness to the therapeutic process. The therapeutic process of whatever tradition or perspective unendingly require that the therapist and invitee share a relationship characterized by trust, openness, honesty and the absence of bias and criticisms (Myers, 2004). It can be argued that within this form of relationship, the leaf node is bound to share with his/her therapist his/her life story and inner most thoughts which would withal lead to the therapists better understanding of the clients predicaments and issues. The need to find out the cause of problematic behavior depends on the clients honesty and the therapists personal philosophy, if for example a person who is hapless from clini cal depression is in therapy using the psychoanalytic approach, then the design would be to find out the previous hears that would indicate the patients predisposition to depression and hence be able to identify the cause of the depression.To the psychoanalyst, it is always something in the yesteryear or in the childhood or traumatic events that cause the depression, a modern event whitethorn only be the trigger (Myers, 2004). To the behaviorist, therapy would be geared towards the change in behavior that would lessen the impact of depressive emotions and thoughts, like the patient is taught ways in which he/she could off off from dispirit situations, to move away from the place or source of depression and to teach methods to eliminate the depression by coaching and goal setting (Myers, 2004). However, behaviorists have also discovered that merely changing the behavior is not enough to treat the patient or to effectively prevent the recurrence of depressive symptoms just bec ause the patient knows how to declaim his/her emotions, thus the need for finding the cause of the depression.If the cause of depression is a recent divorce, then the therapist can use this information to guide the behavior modification strategies that he/she uses. Like specifically providing the patient with statistics and studies of how depression after a divorce is very common and how other people have keep abreast out of that depression. To the psychoanalyst, depression brought about by the divorce could come from a deeper personal traumatic experience like being left by a parent or having to lose someone tragically.Thus, the cause is actually the difficulty of the patient to respond to the sense of exhalation that one determines after a divorce. If the objective of the therapy was to remove the patient from a state of depression, then behavior therapy has no need for the underlying cause, but if the therapy is to enable the patient to recognize his/her emotional wounds and to be aware means that one is more able to positively deal with it, then the cause of the depression is very important.ReferencesMorris, C. Maisto, A. (2003). Understanding Psychology, 6th ed. New island of Jersey Prentice Hall.Myers, D. (2004). Psychology 7th ed. New York Worth Publishers.Nairne, J. (2006). Psychology The Adaptive Mind. California Wadsworth/Thompson.Discussion emergence 2Client-centered therapy developed in the late 1940s by Carl Rogers is based on the assumption that the exclusive is the best expert on himself or herself and that people are capable of working out solutions to their declare problems (Corey, 2005). The t carry of the therapist is to facilitate this progress not to ask probing questions, to make interpretations or to advise courses of actions. In fact, Rogers (1980) preferred the term facilitator to therapist and he called the people he worked with as clients not as patients because he did not view emotional difficulties as an indication of an illness to be cured.The therapist facilitates the clients progress towards self-insight by restating to the client what the therapist hears the client saying about his needs and emotions in order to help the client clarify his/her feelings. Rogers believed that the most important qualities for a therapist are empathy, ardor and genuineness. Empathy refers to the ability to understand the feelings the client is trying to express and the ability to communicate this understanding to the client. The therapist moldiness adopt the clients frame of reference and must strive to see the problems as the client sees them. By warmth, Rogers (1980) meant a deep acceptance of the individual as he or she is, including the execration that this person has the capacity to deal constructively with his/her problems.A therapist who is genuine is open and honest and does not find a role or operate behind a professional faade (Sue Sue, 2003). People are reluctant to reveal themselves to those they per ceive as phony. Rogers believed that a therapist who possesses this attributes go out facilitate the clients growth and self-exploration. Rogers was the first to make tape recordings of therapy sessions and to permit them to be studied and analyzed. He and his colleagues have contributed much(prenominal) to the field of psychotherapy research.Client centered therapy has some limitations, like psychoanalysis it appears to be successful with individuals who are fairly verbal and who are motivated to discuss their problems. For people who do not voluntarily seek help or who are seriously disturbed and are unable to discuss their feelings more leading methods are usually necessary. In addition, by using the clients self-reports as the only vizor pf psychotherapeutic effectiveness, the client-centered therapist ignores behavior outside of the therapy session. Individuals who feel insecure and ineffective in their interpersonal relationships often need more structured help in modifyin g their behavior.Since Freuds time, numerous forms of psychotherapy based on Freudian concepts have developed. They share in common the premise that mental disorders stem from unconscious conflicts and fears but they differ from classical psychoanalysis in a number of ways and are usually called psychoanalytic therapies (Corey, 2005). Ego analysts placed greater emphasis on the role of the rational, problem soling ego in directional behavior and correspondingly less emphasis on the role of the unconscious sexual and aggressive drives. They sought-after(a) to strengthen the functions of the ego in particular self-esteem and feelings of competency so that the individual could deal more constructively with current anxieties and interpersonal relationships.Their general strategy was to give the client insight into how the past continues to ferment the invest and to develop the clients awareness of what he/she can do in the present to correct the harmful effects of the past. The techn ique of psychoanalytic therapy is also different from the classical free association and dream analysis. The therapy sessions are usually briefer, more flexible and less intense (Sue Sue, 2003). Sessions are scheduled once a week, there is less emphasis on the complete reconstruction of childhood experiences and more anxiety to problems arising from the way the individual is currently interacting with others.Free association is often replaced with a direct tidings of unfavorable issues and the psychoanalytic therapist may be more direct, raising pertinent topics when it seems appropriate rather than postponement for the client to bring them up. While transference is still considered an important part of the therapeutic process, the therapist may limit the intensity of the transference feelings. Still central however is the psychoanalytic therapists conviction that unconscious motives and fears are at the core of the most emotional problems and that insight and the working thro ugh process are essential to a cure.Almost everyone gets gloomy at times. Most of us have periods when we feel sad, lethargic and not interested in any activities-even pleasurable ones. Depression is a normal reaction to many of lifes stresses. Among the situations that most often precipitate depression are failure at school, or at work, the loss of a loved one and the realization that illness or senescence is depleting ones resources. Depression is considered abnormal only when it is out of proportion to the event and continues past the burden at which most people begin to recover.Although depression is characterized as a mood disorder, there are actually four sets of symptoms there are emotional cognitive, motivational and physical symptoms (Myers, 2004). An individual need not have all of these symptoms to be diagnosed as depressed but the more symptoms the patient has or the more intense they are the more certain we can be that the individual is suffering from depression.Sadn ess and can are the most salient emotional symptoms in depression. The individual feels hopeless and unhappy, often has crying spells and may contemplate suicide. The cognitive symptoms consist primarily of negative thoughts depressed individuals tend to have low self-esteem, feel inadequate and blame themselves for their failures. Motivation is at low ebb in depression, the depressed person tends to be passive and has difficulty initiating activities. The physical symptoms include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue and loss of energy.The client-centered therapist in the treatment of depression would be limited to communicating to the client that he/she is accepted for whatever thoughts, emotions, deficiency of motivation and physical state he/she is at the moment as a person meritorious to be heard and assured of unconditional positive regard. The client-centered therapist involves the client in a overlap of his/her thoughts without the prodding and the leading bu t through the use of paraphrasing. With this method, the client is able to recognize what are the emotional, mental, motivational and physical symptoms he/she is experiencing.This would enable the client to become aware and recognize that his/her emotional reactions may be too intense, his/her self-esteem may be too low for his/her good, and that his/her body may be suffering from his/her own slavery to depression. The sessions would be geared towards the clients discovery of his/her symptoms and in the process also realize how futile his/her actions are and that the therapists empathy, warmth and genuiness tells the client that here is someone who will accept me for what I am and that he/she should strive to come out of depression because someone do sincerely care for them.This example is what Rogers believed to be the facilitation of healing and self-awareness in the part of the client. The psychoanalytic therapist interprets depression as a reaction to loss, whatever the nature o f the loss maybe. The depressed person reacts to the loss intensely because it brings back all the fears of an earlier loss at childhood. Moreover, the reaction to loss is complicated by the persons anger at the deserting person which comes out as self-blame and feelings of worthlessness. The psychoanalytic therapist also believes that the depressed person has very low self-esteem and self-worth.Thus, the therapist engages the client in a discussion of his/her current emotions, thoughts and internal conflicts. This can be done through the use of probing and leading questions which ask the client to describe or talk about his/her feelings at the moment. From then on, the therapist would observe and take note of the emotions and thoughts of the patient and have the client look back at his/her past experiences that had evoked the same feeling and thoughts he/she is having at present.The client is also asked to identify what triggered that emotion and then have the client realize that h e/she is exhibiting behaviors that are similar to that of a depressed person. Sometimes people who are depressed do not admit that they are depressed, and this is where the therapist must focus on for it is necessary for the success of the therapy. When the previous experience has been identified, the therapist then proceeds to help the client accept what occurred in the past and that the client can now face the present with a deeper understanding of his/her own emotions.ReferencesCorey, G. (2005). Theory and answer of counseling and psychotherapy 7th ed. CaliforniaThomson Learning (Brooks/Cole).Myers, D. (2004). Psychology 7th ed. New York Worth Publishers.Rogers, C. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston Houghton Mifflin.Sue, D. W. Sue, D. (2003). Counseling the culturally diverse Theory and practice 4th ed.New York Wiley.

Steel and Surface Preparation Essay Example for Free

brace and Surface Preparation EssayWhat is meant by the tenn sliver? What is a hackle? Name two different tenns that could be used for anchor pattern? What atomic number 18 the main advantages of using Testex papers for measuring writes? What is meant by the tenn grade. relating to a bash finish? What are the main factors governing the grade f a blast finish? Can the grade of a blast fmish be detennined by using the surface comparators to BS 7079 Pt C3? What profile range can be measured using X coarse Testex? What profile range can be measured using coarse grade Testex? What are the two theories of adhesiveness?Briefly describe the mechanisms of the two theories of adhesion. How many microns are in Ithou? Give three different names for the cross section of a blast. What is the approximate speed of abrasives leaving a venturi nozzle? What is the or so green cause of flash rusting on a blasted substrate? What would be considered to be an model shot grit mix? What is the purpose of mixing shot and grit? Which abrasive would have the gear up of work hardening a substrate? Name three methods of measuring or assessing a profile. What is the most common cause of rogue peaks on a substrate?In what situation would it be give to use steel grit in preference to copper slag abrasives? If cracks or laminations are institute on a substrate after blasting what steps should be taken? Using comparators to ISO 8503, what are the three main profile assessments? What are the other two assessments when the above three are not appropriate? What would be size of copper slag needed to give a protile of 50 to 75 urn? 3. 2 copynght

Iraq War Essay Example for Free

Iraq War EssayThe Iraq War has attracted intelligence agency come homeage from ab pop place the world. Various idiot box stations in countries like the US and the UK have news correspondents and news bureaus in the area to cover contend-related updates and happenings. However, there were concerns on how media frames and delivers their news. Most of these news reports are accused of macrocosm biased, choosing to show only the minus aspects of the war. Two authors have written about this occurrence. One of them points out that most of the stories that reaches the audience is negative, while the separate one points out the flaws reporting only the secure aspects of war. By critically analyzing these two articles, it is possible to puddle useful information as to why the news coverage in Iraq are framed as such. The first article is The Real Iraq Story by Karl Zinsmeister. This talks about the bias towards negative news by the foreign news coverage (Zinsmeister, 2004). It cites certain examples of bad news coverage in Iraq. From the affiance of detainees in an Iraki prison to the power shortages in Iraqi towns and cities, foreign news teams like CNN and BBC all the way chose to report on the negative aspects of certain topics.According to Zinmeister, this type of media coverage clearly affects how people around the world see the Iraq war. By showing in general the negative aspects of the war, people tend to overlook its purpose. By showing the prison conditions of the detainees, the people are more drawn to the cruelties of war, instead of thinking who these detainees were. On the opposite hand, Phillip Carters The dark side of Iraqs good news talks about the bias on the good news by recent Iraqi reports (Carter, 2007).These are more recent than the bias on negative news by foreign news correspondents, and these were reported by the Iraqi media. These reports are mostly about the declining Iraqi civilian death toll, increasing number of Iraqis joining US military to unassailable neighborhoods, and the capture of top insurgent leaders. Despite the majority of the good news, the author argues that focusing on these topics whitethorn mislead the people. They could develop a false sense of security, which would just worsen their situation.Going back to Zinsmeister article, we tidy sum assume that there is a motive behind the mostly negative news coverage. As the war continues, more and more people are starting to oppose it, doubting the intentions of those who are pursuing it. policy-making leaders like US President George W. Bush attracted the opposition of the international community because of the US caper of Iraq in relation to his war on terror. If we relate this to the negative news coverage in Iraq, wherefore it is possible that this is one way of opposing those who pursue this war.News coverage like this clearly draws out the sympathy of the people, especially if they continue to see its negative side. On the oth er hand, the mostly positive Iraqi news coverage could mean the opposite. By reporting only the good news, the media are trying to go on up a positive image for Iraq. By reporting every improving statistic and leaving out the negative ones, people can be lulled to believing that indeed, Iraq has improved greatly. However, with mostly the positive news being covered, it seems that the Iraqi media are overdoing it and would appear that theyre just covering up the real scenario (Kelly, 2007).Moreover, this faulty news coverage had the international community thinking can the Iraqi people really do it? willing they be able to stand on their own after the war? References Carter, P. (2007). The dark side of Iraqs good news. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http//www. slate. com/id/2177250/ Kelly, M. L. (2007). Good, Bad News in Iraq Intelligence Estimate. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http//www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=13920438 Zinsmeister, K. (2004). The Real Iraq Sto ry. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http//www. nationalreview. com/comment/zinsmeister200408040849. asp

The Crucible Literary Essay Essay Example for Free

The Crucible Literary render EssayAbigail commits many sins and manipulates many people so she can prevent herself from getting in trouble. It all began when she attached adultery. According to the Old Testament, lust is one of the seven deadly sins. Abigails lust for John proctor provokes her to commit adultery with John who is married to Elizabeth. Even though John Proctor isnt empty of blame, Abigail has more(prenominal) responsibility for the affair. After John Proctor realizes that it is wrong to have an affair behind Elizabeths back, he tells Abigail Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. however I forget fill in off my hand before Ill ever reach for you a piddle. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched. (Miller, 23) But Abigail says You loved me John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you loved me yet. (Miller, 24) She tries to convince John to be with her even though she knows it is wrong. She thinks John will be with her if his wife is gone and tries to curse Elizabeth when she is in the woods dancing with Tituba and separate girls. Then she tries to manipulate other girls to help her get what she deficiencys.Abigail is very manipulative. After being accused of witchery when she was caught dancing in the forest, she manipulates other girls to do as she says to avoid getting in trouble. At the blood of sour I, Abigail says to the girls Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnams dead sisters. And mark this. Let all of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. Miller, 20) This shows that Abigail is threatening the girls to listen to her and do as she says so Abigail can ride out out of trouble. When Abigail knows that she is able to easily influence the girls, she abuses her power by making wrong accusations. Abigail starts to make false accusations when she is at Parriss house after seeing Tituba confess and get saved by God. She knows confessing and accusive other people of associating with the Devil will allow her to be saved too. At the end of Act I, Abigail says I saw Goody Hawkins with the Devil I saw Goody Booth with the Devil (Miller, 48) Afterwards, Abigail starts to gain more power because people believe she has the ability to see who has associated with the Devil. Abigail abuses her power to accuse even more innocent people. One day, Elizabeth Proctor finds out that Abigail accused her of practicing witchcraft. She says to John It is her dearest hope, John, I know it. in that respect be a thousand names why does she call mine? She thinks to take my place, John. (Miller, 61) This shows that Abigail is accusing Elizabeth because she is vengeful that Elizabeth is married to John.Many other people are accused and eventually, those who are accused but do not confess are put to death. The power and influence Abigail has over the p eople of Salem has resulted in the death and misery of many people. Her false accusations made the court suspicious of the accused victims. Those who didnt want to lie to the judges, such as John Proctor and Martha Corey are hung. However, twenty years after the remainder execution, the government awarded compensation to the victims still living, and to the families of the dead. This means all of the people who were executed or convicted were punished wrongfully. Abigail is indirectly responsible for the death of many citizens of Salem. If she hasnt practiced witchcraft or accused people, the witchcraft furiousness in Salem wouldnt have started. Abigail is a hypocrite who falsely accuses others of practicing witchcraft while committing unconditioned sins herself. Her influence over the people of Salem has caused the death of many innocent people. Ultimately, she is the villain of The Crucible.

Driverless Cars Are the Present, Not the Future. Essay Example for Free

Driverless Cars Are the Present, Not the Future. EssayWith the progress of technology in todays world, the driverless machine was introduced, and it has been a dominating headline topic inwardly these few years. Many car manufacturers, such as BMW, Volvo, and Audi, have been investing in the development de edgeine for the autonomous vehicle. This might prove that driverless car might be the leading car industries in the future. This go forth lead to a question whether if the driverless car is better than the human-driven car. To have a clearer view of the comparison mingled with them, we can consider these 3 aspects safety, clipping and pathway optimization. Firstly, everyone knows the importance of safety when driving on the road but what makes the driverless car safer than a human-driven car. The driverless car is safer than the human-driven car be causal agent of its technology, the driverless car makes use of sensors such as cameras, radar, lasers, inaudible sensor s, GPS, and mapping technology to determine its position and aviate on the road safely. In contrast, in a car driven by human the drivers make use of their senses, such as eyes, ears and touch to navigate their way on the road. With the increase of travel time, their fatigue level allow for also increase, this might cause the driver to lose concentration or eventide fall asleep while driving. Some driver might even consume alcohol before they travel, making it unsafe for other road users as well as themselves. Recent studies of the traffic cam stroke in Singapore 2016 show that causes of human-driven car accident such as helplessness to keep a proper lookout, failing to have proper control, failing to give way to traffic with right of way and changing lane without due care resulted in more than 2500 accident casefuls. (Singapore Police Force 2016). Whereas for the driverless car in 2016 there is only one case of an accident that happens where the driverless car collided with a lorry at one north which was suspected due to software product anomalies in the driverless car (Strait times 2016).Secondly, the time taken to drive from point to point can be quite a hassle, for example, a country like the United State of America where the land is so much bigger than Singapore, traveling from one states to the other would take more than 3 hours or even more. in a car driven by a human, the driver will need to deposit focus and concentrate on driving the car to their destination. Whereas for a driverless car the experience will be totally different, the hours of time traveled can be utilized to do more stuff such as reading a newspaper or you can even take a stack while traveling without the need to control your car since the driverless car will take you to your destination. The driverless car will be able to save a lot of our time, it is like adding the extra hours to our hectic life.Lastly, in term of road optimization, there are many traffic lights on the road the human-driven car must fall by the wayside when they encounter traffic light this will cause traffic congestion, whereas for a country with all driverless car on the road, traffic light is not needed anymore the driverless cars will be able to seamlessly meld to the other lanes easily. Allowing traffic to flow smoothly across intersections. There will be neither time delay nor collision.In conclusion, the driverless car has more advantages in term of safety, time and road optimization as compared to a human-driven car, with the minimal amount of road accident occurs, a large amount of time-saving and the non-delaying road optimization. This futuristic vision is becoming reality with the advancement of technology which will prove that the driverless car will be the leading car industries.

Personal creative coursework Essay Example for Free

in-person creative coursework EssaySchool has just finished and it is a dark and murky winter day, mountain were walking down the school hill having just had a chaotic day, as a firmness everyone was jus quiet. You could hear the sounds of the squirrels scuttling along the grass. Richard ran down the hill calling my name, he came up to me and called me an idiot in a joking way for not waiting for him. Richard is one of my good friends and when he is around he lets you know. He was well known in school by the teachers for his famous pranks.After we got down the hill we went to the tonic shop, Richard shared a joke or two with the shop owner then told me he was way out to the chip shop and he would meet me at the train property later.(Richard is a chubby boy and gets wound up when people talk about his weight).I was walking to the train station and canvas the time, I truism that we were going to be late so I started to run .I saw Richard and told him to go up as usual he was eating. He started to run and as I looked around I saw people from my school with a look of shock on their face they have neer seen him run before.We ran inside the train station then got on the train, the first thing I observe was the smell of sweat, I saw Hugo and doubting Thomas from my school and we all sat next to each other. We were talk of the town and all of a sudden Hugo started shouting insults at Richard. Richard stood up and his faced looked like an oversized pilot .I could tell he was mad because his sentences were not feeler out fully. I was thinking that the only reason out that he stood up was because we were in front of people. (Richard is that kind of person he likes to make himself look spoilt in front of an audience). Before I knew it we came to selhurst station and we exited the train.Thing first thing I saw was a boy stupidly sitting on the platform, I saw a train coming and I expected the boy to get up but he didnt. It was one of those fast trains that dont remain at any Station except for major stations like Gatwick. The train past the station and then the boy started to scream in agony. Richard looked at the boy and then started to laugh. (He never really took anything seriously).he looked once more and then saw that the boy was not faking. Hugo stood there like a statue and I had noticed that Thomas had left the scenery. The boys right leg had been severed by the train and people just looked at him and opinionated to walk along like they had not seen anything.He was still lying there in inconvenience oneself as I looked at him I felt a cold shivers running down my spinal anaesthesia cord-I had never seen anything like it. Me Richard and Hugo then ran to the ticket office a told a man there that a boys leg had been severed by the train they called an ambulance then we left the station. The next day we went to school I had noticed that Richards attitude had change towards people I think the train experience has changed hi m.

George W. Bush more like T. Roosevelt as opposed to Taft and Wilson Essay Example for Free

George W. pubic hair more like T. Roosevelt as opposed to Taft and Wilson Essay death chair George W. chaparrals post folk 11th polity certainly shows great resemblances to President Theodore Roosevelts opposed insurance policy more than that of Taft or Wilson. Roosevelt had a more spartan policy, encouraging the forceful defense of the farming and the spreading of democracy and Christian ideals to less fortunate countries. This was very much so a select correlation to what chaparral tried to do Tafts policy emphasized economic ideals in that he argued the US should lend out money and help countries elevate their economic status in ramble for the promotion of peace and prosperity throughout the world. Wilsons policy emphasized morality, and the nice guy point of view of how the US should carry out obligations. Consequently, President George Bushs policy is a better watching of President Theodore Roosevelts policy more than Tafts or Wilsons policy because of the arm ament and goernmental ideals that the two policies share.President Bushs post September 11 policy reflects Roosevelts is because of the swift, stern actions that Bushs administration took after the attacks on the nation. As Bush sent the troops over to Iraq quickly and in great numbers, the administration sent a candid and stern message. The United States would not stand for an attack on its soil, and those who did so would receive grave punishment for their actions. This message echoes the morals tail the spoilt Stick policy. Just as Theodore Roosevelt once said, Speak softly and carry a big stick. Theodore Roosevelt believed that power was an important and unavoidable thing in foreign affairs.He also noted in his addition to the Monroe Doctrine (called the Roosevelt Corollary) that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared in a semipolitical or fiscal situation that would allow for European break, the US should intervene. With an imperialistic outlook on the world, Roo sevelt make the US a nation that constantly intervened and helped Latin American countries avoid European interference in the Western Hemisphere. Examples of this lie in Theodore Roosevelt actions when he made Cuba a protectorate, took Guam and Puerto Rico, as well as when he ventured out and involved the United States in the counterinsurgency of the Philippines all in order to fortify the worldly concern of democracy and Christianity and help the individuals of the nations govern themselves.These ideals and policies were mirrored in Bushs actions when the US troops live the centre East, and the Bush administration took it upon itself to take advantage of their occupancy of the lands by spreading its ideals of democracy and right(a) political procedures. By doing this, the Bush Administration had essentially identified these locations in the Middle East as lesser fortunate nations, deemed themselves fit to help these regions, and force their help past the organizations of the re gions and to the people. This decision and series of actions greatly resembles the actions and opinions of Roosevelts Corollary.Tafts policy by contrast, was more of the United States venturing out to foreign land allowing for each(prenominal) foreign nations gradual acquiring of political and economic power through US investment in the countries infrastructures, which has little to do with Bushs initial choice to attack the Middle East after September 11. Taft used Dollar Diplomacy, instead of armed services force. He wanted control and to aid businessmen in the US, and was in strong favor of solving problems via economic means or else than militarily.He saw his policy as humanitarian, for stabilization improved the living scale and conditions. For instance, in Nicaragua during 1912, the government would default on its debts, which might mean European intervention. The US offered to loan money (by private men) if the US could have some supervision over Nicaraguan finances. Bushs post September 11 policy does not mirror this because he was in favor of military force and making it cognize militarily that the US could not be attacked without grave punishment.Wilson however based his policy on Morality. Bushs post September 11th policy did not wholly reflect Wilsons policy because Wilsons Missionary policy aimed more in the direction of seeking peace and prosperity by means of creating pathways for institutions to branch out globally while Bushs aim after the September 11 attacks was to retaliate forcefully and brutally (neither of which was peaceful). For instance, when the Japanese attempted, in the notorious Twenty-one Demands (1915), to reduce china almost to the status of a Japanese protectorate, he persuaded them to modify their conditions slightly. The Twenty-One Demands required that China now cease its leasing of territory to foreign powers and to ascent to Japanese control over Manchuria and Shandong (Shantung) among other demands. Such view as opp osed to attack and forcefully making the US point reveals the difference between Bushs and Wilsons policy.Consequently, it is evident that President Bushs post September 11 policy best resembles Roosevelts big stick diplomacy. Roosevelts policy was based on pragmatism as well as the idea of the nations obligatory retaliation to threats and attacks on the nations soil. His belief in the United States obligation to help foreign nations in need of political/military assistance is also a part of his policy. After the September 11th attacks, each of these ideals was echoed in President George W. Bushs new foreign policy in that he reacted to the tragedy through military retaliation and force. Additionally once occupying the lands, the Bush administration chose to assist the Iraqi people and help them wear the democratic ideals the US holds so dearly.

Blood Donation Essay Essay Example for Free

Blood largess Essay EssayAs you are listening to me, you might not think that today is the day that you will save a life. It is quite easy to save a life any day and it only takes a little bit of your time. Im not public lecture virtually being a paramedic or fireman I am talking about the simple act of donating logical argument.Almost anybody can give blood but in army to do so, you must be fit and healthy. In other words youre not woefulness from a cold, the flu, or any other illnesses. Also, it is extremely critical that you meet the ideal weight which would be anything above 45 KG. You must be between the ages 16-70 if you wish to donate your blood. Make authorized that you wash up a healthy meal before your largess and that you are drinking an ample amount of liquids preferably juice or water (and absolutely no alcohol) 3 hours prior to donating. 1There are foursome key tips in order to fool a successful blood donation. Make sure to keep up yourself hydrated, wear something comfortable, bring a list of medication that you are taking (as it is important for the doctors to know about any prescription and/or over the counter medications that may be in your system) and lastly, make sure you maintain a healthy level of iron in your diet before donating your blood. Most importantly, you have to relax and feel at ease Blood donation is an extremely safe procedure and on that point should be absolutely nothing to be concerned about. 2Why should you donate blood? The answer is preferably quite simple safe blood saves lives and improves health. Your bloods main components plasma, red cells, and platelets are vital for plenty of contrastive uses. Plasma provides the body with plenty of nutrients and protein. cherry-red blood cells are used predominantly in treatments for blood diseases along with cancer. They also help in the making of treating anemia. Platelets contribute to helping repair any signs of discredited body tissue. 3The donation pr ocess from the time you arrive until the time you leave takes about an hour maximum. The donation itself is only about 8-10 minutes on average. The nurse will be sure to cleanse an theatre of operations on your arm and then insert a sterile needle into it for the blood draw. This shot feels analogous aquick pinch and is over in a matter of seconds. Certain donation types such(prenominal) as red cells, platelets or plasma can take up to 2 hours. The nurse draws rough a pint of blood from you during all(prenominal) donation period. 4So that now you know how easy it is to donate blood, its time to take action. After all, you have plenty of blood, so why not section? When you do, you will feel good about yourself and you will save a life. By giving blood, every donor is contributing to a nation-wide challenge to provide life-saving products whenever and wherever they are needed.Citation1 Australian expiration Cross Blood Service Am I eligible to donate blood? http//www.donateblood .com.au/who-can-give/am-i-eligible Web. 2014. 2 The American Red Cross Donation Process http//www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/tips-successful-donation Web. 2015. 3 Why give blood? http//www.blood.co.uk/giving-blood/why-give-blood/ Web. 4 The American Red Cross Donation Process http//www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donation-process Web. 2015.