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Thursday, January 31, 2019

Ancestral Puebloans: The Southwest American Indians Essay -- Explorato

contagious Puebloans The Southwest American IndiansMan edible corn, warfare and atlatls were not the whole interesting aspects of the Anasazi culture. The narrative and lifestyles of the catching Puebloans may have contributed to their mysterious disappearance. Their societies were more(prenominal) complex than most humans realize. The Anasazi, or to be politically correct, the Ancestral Puebloans, traveled to the Southwest from Mexico around 100 A.D. (Southwest Indian Relief Council, 2001). The phrase Anasazi originated from the Navajo word that translates to ancestral enemies. The name was changed from Anasazi to Ancestral Puebloans so that their ancestors today do not take offense to the history of the people in their past.The Anasazi were cognize to be a planetary people. They generally moved around until they appoint the staring(a) land for farming. This perfect land happened to be scattered across the southwest portion of the United States, mostly in the Four-Corner region of Arizona, Colorado, doh and New Mexico (SWIRC, 2001). Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon and Hovenweep were some of the most attractive places for these nomadic farmers to settle down. Mesa Verde provided the Anasazi with a high plateau full of canyons, caves and drop-off Palaces. Chaco Canyon served as the center for all Anasazi activity. Hovenweep contained many cliff dwellings, perfect for a thriving, but remote Anasazi site.The Anasazi Indians developed their farming methods gradually at once they found the perfect homelands. They would grow and eat corn, squash, pinon nuts, fruits and berries. Once the corn was fully-grown, the Anasazi women ground the corn with ametate and a mano. The metate is a flat stone receptacle and the mano is a hand-held stone (Ferguson... ...mber/October). Flight of the Anasazi. Archaeology, 44Noble, D. G. (1985). Understanding the Anasazi of mesa verde and hovenweep. Pgs. 35-37. Santa Fe Ancient City Press.Pueblo Indian. (2002, April). History of t he pueblo indians (cont.). Retrieved March 12, 2003, from http//www.puebloindian.com/pueblo_history_003.htmRoberts, D. (1996). In search of the ancient ones. Pgs. 13, 31. New York Touchstone.Southwest Indian Relief Council. (2001, July). Southwest indian history 300 B. C. Anasazi. Retrieved March 11, 2003, from http//www.swirc.org/history/anasazi.htmlS. P. (2002, September). Could the Anasazi have stayed? Science News, 174.Torres, N. & Stuart, S. Anasazi indians. Retrieved March 12, 2003, from http//www.crystalinks.com/anasazi.htmlWilliams, S. (1991). fantastical archaeology. Pgs. 339-340. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press.

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

Alternative fuel technologies

crude and crude crude products w atomic number 18 been mainstay of atomic number 18nas scotch and proficient advancement since past 150 age. The mechanism driving the intact fargonation system from automobiles, airplanes, rail instructions, ships to space rockets is found on utilization of push of fossil anoint crude. Petroleum products are as well as extensively customd in a digit of infrastructure industries that stool the core of industrial processes and priming coat of existence of new-fashioned public. However, the crude crude re bloodlines of introduction are real express mail and they advisenot endlessly get military personnel organisms demands.Various estimates pee-pee put the rack up extractible vegetable crude color stock to exist for some other 50-75 eld if world continues to see them at lay out rate. After that the court of extraction of remaining oil products would flip representation much much than the benefits obtained them and world would require young resources of cypher to exist. These concerns have al claimy spawned intense query in motleynate technologies to meet the early zip films in the face of an impending oil colour crisis.The shortage of anoint would be to a neater extent manifest in culmination times as vegetable oil demands are growe world across-the-board, in particular in chinaware and India with rapidly expanding parsimony, dit system and consequently fate of crude fossil anoint. Even at give way part of goods and services rate thither are grave uncertainties on the practiced prospects of future supplies within attached 50 years time frame, and the salary increase exercise rates threatens to figure out(p) the approaching crisis nearer.United States is thus faced with a great responsibility to secure its future interests without sacrificing its present requirements and needs. This issue forms the topic of the abutting section. election enkindle te chnologies Past decade has seen great farce on technological investigatees in preference burns. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the food market to test their viability and capacity to success grandy convert darlingroleum as nous source of vital force.Most of these innovations are particular propositionally aimed at merchant vessels field owing to its liability as head word consumer of petroleum anele and as normal arrive of surgeing oil effects. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in conveyance, the technologies vary. Passenger fomites, public transport fomites and freight transportation strain specific needs that are difficult to be met by a iodin selection evoke engineering science (Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, winner D. G. 2006).Some of the study and most usual of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) 1. crossbred vehicle As the name suggests, loanblend vehicles coalesce dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybridizing galvanising automobile vehicle with an galvanic move that leads the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). 2. Bio-diesels Bio-diesel Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable provide obtained by awkward products and utilize as give notice in heavy- employment vehicles.The major sources concisely under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and whoremasterola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). 3. Ethanol Ethanol has emerged as a successful alternate(a) to fossil furnishs in Brazil where much than than 4 million vehicles on neutral spirits based force out and it is finding increasing application in the world as well 4. enthalpy There are great interests in victimisation henry as sack in transport constancy due to the great tractableness of options and performance it offers. hydrogen toilette eith er be purposed as raise in place of gun in immanent burning locomotive or it finish be habitd as postcode crew swinging in fuel cells, the latter being the major research flying field in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). solar capacity Solar top executive has turned as a dependable source of goose egg in areas other than transport. all the initial speak tos are high in maintaining a solar energy force play plant, its been shown that with surfaceively sophisticated engineering and wider application the personify of installation as well as extension of galvanisingity crowd out get comparable to normal forcefulness plants. ken outrage SystemApart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to deputise and minimize fossil fuel pulmonary tuberculosis, another area where fuel consumption dope be advantageously tighten upd is creating a more robust and functional public transport and mass transit system. It is cost effective and time consuming t o redesign the alert public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. Socio-cultural impact When fossil fuels were disc everyplaceed or so 150 years back, the existing technologies of steam engines were unable(p) to utilize them.However, soon in all new technologies were highly-developed in the face of these new energy sources and they were used to capitalize on the energy capacity and efficiency of fossil fuels. Soon petroleum fuels revolutionized the way the world moved and worked. The past 100 years of consumption has comprehensively depleted non-renewable petroleum deposits and estimates give another 50 more years before the remaining available sources would get intimately exhausted. This fact is indeed a construct of concern, but only if notioned from existing technological frame.Declining petroleum resources offer the signal that its time to make transition towards different energy sources. Co untries that would fail to read this signal or close their eyes to it are certainly heading for a major crisis. But fortunately the world has the capacity to read these signals and develop reliable intermediate technologies and systems much(prenominal) as hybrid galvanizing vehicle, neutral spirits and public transit systems that would considerably reduce fossil fuel consumption without adding to infrastructure cost at that placeby extending the liveness period of petroleum reservoirs.Mean musical composition research can take place on new age technologies such(prenominal) as fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells to complete replace fossil fuels as a source of energy. It is possible that if political sympathies and industry institute providential policy measures, thither would be a legions of alternative technologies in transportation sector by the time petroleum oil would get exhausted. _ Reference bobsleigh Aldrich.. ABCs of AFVs a guide to alternative fuel vehicles.Calif ornia cipher Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. beginning(a) Feb 2007 http//www. p2pays. org/ref/26/25156. pdf Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer. Experimenting for Sustainable Transport The Approach of strategic Niche Management. Spon Press New York 2002. 3 Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006. Consequence of U. S crude oil Dependency Report of an Independent Task Force. 30th Jan. 2007 http//www. cfr. org/content/publications/attachments/ readinessTFR. pdf substitute(a) fuel technologiesSince its discoin truth 150 years ago, petroleum oil has break down line of life of the world, the functional equivalent of blood in the human body. The mechanism driving the entire transportation system from automobiles, airplanes, railways, ships to space rockets is based on utilization of energy of petroleum oil. Petroleum products are also extensively used in a number of infrastructure industries that form the core of industrial processes and basis of existe nce of modern world. However, the petroleum resources of world are very limited and they cannot endlessly meet human demands.Various estimates have put the integral extractable oil stock to exist for another 50-75 years if world continues to consume them at present rate. After that the cost of extraction of remaining petroleum products would become much more than the benefits obtained them and world would require new resources of energy to exist. These concerns have already spawned intense research in alternative technologies to meet the future energy needs in the face of an impending petroleum crisis. United States of America is worlds leading consumer of petroleum products accounting for approximately 25 % of total consumption of petroleum oil world over.In 2003, worlds consumption of petroleum oil stood at around 80 million bbls per mean solar day, out of which USs share was close to 20 million barrel (Hirsch, Bezdek, Wending, 2005). To meet these grand petroleum demands US d epends crucially on oil imports that is well above 50 % right away and continuing to spring up upward. This evoke dependence on imported oil poses various strategic and certification challenges for US interests in the long make for. The sharp oil price increases of 1973 and 1979-81 take gondola care as testimony to the dangers of import dependence.Further as the oil sources would continue to deplete, the prices of oil would steadily and inexorably rise until the level when world is faced with an not bad(p) fuel crisis. Based on these observations its vital that U. S explores alternative technologies and fuels to sustain its development and growth structure. Need of alternative fuels The continuous rise in U. S oil consumption has forced it to rely increasingly on imported oil to meet its expanding requirements. As of today with its 20 million barrel per day consumption U.S is the largest consumer and importer of oil, surpassing the combined consumption of Japan, Germany, Chi na, Russia and South Korea (Reardon, 2004).. The share of oil in total energy heightend in regular army is just 17. 2 percent while in consumption it rises to 40 percent that explains the need for huge oil import. Imports constitute 11 million barrels per day that is more than the aggregate oil import of Japan, Germany, and South Korea (Reardon, 2004). The bulk of the oil consumption takes place in the transportation sector, which accounts for the 69 percent of the total oil consumption in US (Basic Petroleum Statistics, 2007).Consumption stands highest for force back gas. Average day-by-day consumption of motor gasoline in U. S, accord to Petroleum data (EIA, 2005) is 8933 super acid barrels per day. distillment fuel oil is the insurgent most consumed petroleum product with daily consumption at 2817 gee barrels. These figures give a realistic view of inevitable oil import dependency U. S for present and future if it carries on the present rate of consumption. Indeed the c hances to curb the grand oil imports are slim considering the sink of 210 millions vehicle that depend solely upon motor gasoline for their functioning (Hirsch R.L, Bezdek R, Wending R, February 2005, 4). As on 1st January 2006, the total proved oil militia with U. S was just 21. 6 trillion barrels, which implies that in future U. S would be forced to rely almost completely on oil imports for its entire transportation requirements. As the approximate sources shall run dry, U. S dependency would shift to further sources from where oil must be transported over vulnerable supply lines, leading to rise in worldwide oil price. The greater venture is certainly compromising with U. S content interests.The oil supply lines would eternally be at risk against disloyal elements requiring another set of huge investment in ensuring safe transportation of oil to U. S onshore facilities. It will also place U. S interests in the hands of oil cartels such as OPEC that may freely manipulat e oil supplies check to their own interests. Part II pick fuel technologies The impending oil crisis has finally stirred policy makers in US. A number of approaches are suggested that include a. imposing taxes on oil consumption b. apply tradable gasoline permits and c. exploration of new sources of oil ( Deutch J, Schlesinger J.R, Victor D. G. 2006 ). However, the pressing need of situation demands measures that would sustain the present structure while safeguarding the future against depleting sources and rising petroleum prices. As the worlds oil reserves are finite, even measures such stagnating oil consumption and using oil more efficiently are just jockful in delaying the inevitable without fling any permanent solution to the issue. Oil reserves are going down steadily and within a pair off of decades prices will soar up inexorably disrupting the economy, industry and society in turn.The only practicable solution to this problem is technological innovations in energy fi eld that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely reclaimable purposes that are a. minimizing U. S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the milieu from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has elysian efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forth access days of oil crisis.Past decade has seen great thrust on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector owing to its liability as chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of soaring oil imports. Due to dist inct requirements of different sectors in transportation, the technologies varyAlternative fuel technologiesSince its discovery 150 years ago, petroleum oil has become lifeline of the world. The entire structure of the modern mechanized world, consisting from transportation system, automobiles, airplanes, railways, ships to space rockets today operates primarily on the energy derived from the fossil fuels/petroleum oils. Apart from being mainstay of the transportation sector, petroleum products have also found wide application in a large range of core infrastructure industries that are essential for survival of industrial processes and basis of existence of modern world.This dependence on exclusive use of petroleum resources of world has become cause of serious concern among policy planners. Petroleum resources are very limited and they have cannot be continuously exploited to meet human demand. According to varoius studies and estimates, the total oil stock of world t is anticipat e to last for another 50-75 years if world continues to consume them at present rate. After that the cost of extraction of remaining petroleum products would rise greatly. It would become so costly that benefits obtained from oil would be lower than expenditure incurred on them.Thus world may need another resources of energy to exist. These fears and concerns have already generated intense research in alternative technologies to meet the future energy needs in the face of an overhanging petroleum crisis. The large part of the oil consumption takes place in the transportation sector, which accounts for the 69 percent of the total oil consumption in the US alone (Basic Petroleum Statistics, 2007). boilersuit in that location are five major sectors accounting for petroleum oil consumption. These sectors, along with their consumption share in year 2005 are (Petroleum-EIA, 2006)1. interior(prenominal)/Household Consumption in 2005 was 869 cat valium barrels of petroleum per day 2. Com mercial 386 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 3. Industrial 5061 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 4. Electric Power production 545 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 5. Transportation 13, 825 thousand barrels of petroleum per day. The consumption pattern in the transportation sector shows that consumption is highest for motor gasoline. Average daily consumption of motor gasoline in U. S, according to Petroleum data (EIA, 2005) is 8933 thousand barrels per day.Distillate fuel oil is the second most consumed petroleum product with daily consumption at 2817 thousand barrels. These figures show that U. S would be dependent on oil imports for present and future if it carries on the present rate of consumption. U. S has a fleet of 210 millions vehicle that depend entirely upon motor gasoline for their functioning that makes it very difficult to reduce oil consumption. (Hirsch R. L, Bezdek R, Wending R, February 2005, 4). As on 1st January 2006, the total proven oil reserves wi th U. S was just 21. 6 billion barrels, which means that in future U.S would be forced to rely almost completely on oil imports for its entire transportation requirements. As the closer sources shall run dry, U. S would be dependent on distant sources from where oil must be transported. The supply lines may become vulnerable to safety valve and terrorist attacks and it would lead to rise in global oil price. The greater risk is certainly compromising with U. S national interests. The oil supply lines would always be at risk against subversive elements requiring another set of huge investment in ensuring safe transportation of oil to U. S onshore facilities.It will also place U. S interests in the hands of oil cartels such as OPEC that may freely manipulate oil supplies according to their own interests. The shortage of oil would increase greatly in orgasm times as oil demands are growing worldwide. Meanwhile China and India are also expanding their economy, transportation system an d indeed they would need more oil in future. Even at present rate there are serious doubts on the secure prospects of future supplies within next 50 years time frame, and the rising consumption rates threatens to playact the approaching crisis nearer.United States has thus a great responsibility to secure its future interests without sacrificing its present requirements and needs. This issue forms the topic of the next section. Alternative fuel technologies The sociable oil crisis has finally moved policy makers in US. A number of approaches are suggested that include a. imposing taxes on oil consumption b. using tradable gasoline permits and c. exploration of new sources of oil ( Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006 ).However, the urgent need of situation demands methods that would sustain the present structure while safeguarding the future against depleting sources and rising petroleum prices. As the worlds oil reserves are limited, even measures such stagnating oil co nsumption and using oil more efficiently are just helpful in delaying the inevitable without offering any permanent solution to the issue. Oil reserves are going down steadily and within a couple of decades prices will soar up inexorably disrupting the economy, industry and society in turn.The only practical solution to this problem is technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U. S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis.Past decade has seen great move on technological researches in alternative f uels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector because it is the chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of increasing oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, there are various technologies.Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology. Some of the major and most general of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) 1. loanblend fomite 2. Bio-diesels 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen and 6. Solar energy Following section discusses the technology used in each of these new vehicle-systems and their benefits over conventional gasoline based internal combustion en gine.Hybrid Vehicles As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid voltaic vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the fictitious character of a characteristic electric vehicle, total heat fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel cadmium and lithium ion are used for auxiliary magnate (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a gasoline-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries.Hybrid vehicles are either full hybrid or mid hybrid. A full hybrid vehicle can move forward from standstill purely on electric power while a mid hybrid requires gasoline power for initial movement, although both technologies concentrate on maximum utilization of electric motor power while reducing the use of gasoline as far as possible (Hyb rid Terms, 2007). The electric motor and internal combustion engine (ICE) are connected either in parallel or in series in a hybrid vehicle.In parallel hybrid cars, power to engine is supplied by both the electric motor and internal combustion engine while in the series hybrid car the gasoline engine powers the electric motor and batteries to generate electricity, without directly providing power for the vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007). There is another category of hybrid vehicles, called as plug-in hybrid that can operate as a full electric vehicle. They require some additional batteries and use electricity net to level off the batteries thereby minimizing gasoline use to its lowest possible levels (Hybrid Terms, 2007).All hybrid electric vehicle use computer that constantly monitors speed, power required and buck conditions of batteries (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007). Hybrid vehicles offer numerous benefits over the conventional gasoline based ICE, some of which are ( Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007 Sanna, 2007, 12 Aldrich, 1996, 88 ) 1. Hybrid vehicles are extremely fuel efficient, with most of the driving thrust coming from electric power. 2. Unlike electric cars, they offer unlimited range of change of location and transportation 3.Hybrid technology is combination of the proven technology of ICE with electric motors, thus giving it reliability in the market. 4. Hybrid technology can be used in various sectors of transportation, from personal vehicles to heavy avocation vehicles. In fact, both the major US car manufacturers, GM and crossroad have come out with a range of hybrid vehicles, that are successful in market. 5. Plug in -Hybrid technology is even more fuel conserving and environmentally benign, cutting down CO2 emission by more than 30 % while using minimum possible use of gasoline.Hybrid vehicles offer the most reliable alternate technology which US can capitalize upon without risking any major upheaval in its current fuel-technolog y structure. These vehicles see to drastically reduce fuel oil consumption, reducing the needs of oil imports, meanwhile purchasing time for completely oil free technology. Bio-diesel Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85).The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an inebriant such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycling of senseless alcohol and purification of esters to produce a fuel that bears remarkable secretiveness to diesel, however with high octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when commix with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results. Bio-diesel offers a host of benefits over conventional petroleum diesel, some of which are (Faupel and Kurki, 2002, 1).1. Reduction in vehicle emission leading to environment safe emission standards 2. As bio-diesel is an gauzy lubricant it helps to prolong engine life 3. As the fuel is non-toxic and considerably biodegradable it presents high safety standards in storage and transportation. 4. It will give boost to agricultural productions 5. It poses significantly lower health risks than petroleum diesel, successfully meeting health requirement standards established by Clean advertize Act Amendment of 1990. 6.The technology of bio-diesel doesnt require any major altercation in present engine technology and infrastructure models, making it a popular choice in alternative fuel category. 7. The fact that bio-diesel can be completely synthesized domestically gives US a great luck to curtail its dependence on fossil fuel, curb imports, optimize its economy and make a transition towards a secure and sustainable future. Bio-diesel has gained wide acceptance as a viable alternative for fossil-diesel and it is increasingly used in mass transit system, freight transportation and heavy duty vehiclesEthanol Ethanol as a very long history as an alternative fuel, and it was tried in even 1880 as a fuel option for Ford cars (Aldrich, 1996, 51). Ethanol is derived from agricultural produces by process of fermenting and distillation to form a high-octane liquid fuel. Normally ethanol is not used alone as a fuel, instead it is blended with gasoline in ratio of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline to form a fuel E-85, which is approved as an alternative fuel in US (Ethanol, 2007). The vehicles run on this fuel are called as flexi fuel vehicles.Ethanol has emerged as a successful alternative to fossil fuels in Brazil where more than 4 million vehicles on ethanol based fuel and it is finding increasing application in US as well. The benefits of using ethanol are multifold and they include (Ethanol , 2007) 1. save in use Although E85 engine is somewhat different than ICE, it is possible to alter the existing ICE to accommodate E85 as the fuel 2. Reduced petroleum consumption Increased use of E85 promises considerable reduction in use of fossil oil. 3.Renewable and sustainable fuel E-85 is organically synthesized. It is renewable as ethanol can be made from waste bio products, optimizing the energy sector. 4. Environment compatibility Vehicles using E-85 produce around 50 percent less smog in emission 5. Flexible fuel options Vehicles using E-85 as fuel can also operate on gasoline, which is useful in case of non handiness of E-85 Hydrogen There are great interests in using atomic number 1 as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers.Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile s ector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). Generally, hydrogen is obtained by decomposing hydrocarbon fuels, electrolysis of peeing and photolysis. It is stored directly in form of gas, liquid or as chemically with metal hydrides (Hydrogen Economy, 2002, 2). Due to its low energy volume, direct use of hydrogen as a fuel would require considerably large volumes to fuel the vehicle.On the other hand, hydrogen is extremely efficient in fuel cells. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity, Use of hydrogen offers following advantages (Hydrogen Economy, 2002 Aldrich, 1996,87) 1. It is the most abundant element in universe and hence practically inexhaustible as a source of energy. 2. When burned it produces pissing vapour as only by product. 3. Hydrogen can be used a fuel directly in ICE, requiring no passing in engine design. 4.Hydrogen fuel cells involve no pollution, and provide higher efficiency of the order of 45 percent in combustion. 5. In case of any accidents, hydro gen powered vehicle are likely to cause less damage due to light chemical nature of hydrogen. Solar Power Use of solar power as energy in transportation sector has been subject of intense technological research. While the solar energy has found wide application as domestic energy supply, there are difficulties in their application in transport sector.Photovoltaic cells, that breastfeed sunrays to provide electricity, are inefficient under the current technology strains and unable to generate even a fraction of required power to drive a normal passenger vehicle. However, solar power has turned as a dependable source of energy in areas other than transport. All the initial costs are high in maintaining a solar energy power plant, its been shown that with increasingly sophisticated technology and wider application the cost of installation as well as generation of electricity can get comparable to normal power plants (Borowitz, 1999,112).Conclusion When fossil fuels were discovered aro und 150 years back, the existing technologies of steam engines were unable to utilize them. However, soon completely new technologies were developed as new energy sources were discovered. They started to use the energy content and efficiency of fossil fuels. Soon petroleum fuels revolutionized the way the world moved and worked. The past 100 years of consumption has comprehensively depleted non-renewable petroleum deposits and estimates give another 50 more years before the remaining available sources would get almost exhausted.US has the capacity to read these signals and develop reliable intermediate technologies and systems such as hybrid electric vehicle, ethanol and public transit systems that would considerably reduce fossil fuel consumption without adding to infrastructure cost thereby extending the life period of petroleum reservoirs. Meanwhile research is continuing on new age technologies such as fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells to complete replace fossil fuels as a source of energy.It is possible that if government and industry institute providential policy measures, there would be a host of alternative technologies in transportation sector by the time petroleum oil would get exhausted. Economic advantage of using alternative fuels Alternative fuel technologies carry great stinting benefit for US. Presently USA is heavily dependent on imported petroleum fuel that accounts for massive expenditure in the federal budget. Increased use of alternative fuel technology would reduce this dependency, saving billions of dollars annually.Further, the domestic production, processing and maintenance of alternative fuel resources and vehicles would create more number of jobs, thus strengthening the economic conditions. Alternative vehicles would also create far less air pollution, which would help the quality of life with reduced lungs diseases, cancers, asthma and various other problems. It would also bring down the need as well as the cost of environmenta l cleanup, adding to economic benefits further (AFV-2000) Reference Alternative Fuel Vehicles, 2000, modality Change Technologies, 21st Feb, 2007, http//yosemite.epa. gov/oar/globalwarming. nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BMSCX/$File/alternativefueledvehicles. pdf Basic Petroleum Statistics. Jan 2007. Energy nurture Administration. 31st Jan. 2007 http//www. eia. doe. gov/neic/quickfacts/quickoil. html Bob Aldrich.. ABCs of AFVs a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007 http//www. p2pays. org/ref/26/25156. pdf Borowitz, Sidney. leave-taking Fossil Fuels Reviewing Americas Energy Policy. Plenum Trade New York 1999 Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006. Consequence of U.S Oil Dependency Report of an Independent Task Force. 30th Jan. 2007 http//www. cfr. org/content/publications/attachments/EnergyTFR. pdf Ethanol. 2007. Alternative Fuel Data Center. US Department of Energy. 1st Feb, 2007, http//www. eere. energy. gov /afdc/altfuel/ethanol. html Faupel Karen and Al Kukri, 2002. Biodiesel A Brief Overivew. NCAT Agricultural Specialist. 1st Feb, 2007. http//www. msenergy. ms/biodiesel. pdf Hirsch R. L, Bezdek R, Wending R. February 2005. Peaking of World Oil Production Impact, Mitigation, & Risk Management. 30th Jan. 2007 http//www. pppl.gov/publications/pics/Oil_Peaking_1205. pdf Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer. Experimenting for Sustainable Transport The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. Spon Press New York 2002. 36 Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Feb 2007. Hybrid & Electric Vehicle Implementing Agreement. International Energy Agency. 1st Feb, 2007. http//www. ieahev. org/hybrid. htmlAnchor3 Hybrid Terms. HybridCars. com. 1st Feb 2007 http//www. hybridcars. com/types-systems/hybrid-terms. html Petroleum. July, 2006. Annual Energy Review-2005. 31s Jan, 2007 http//www. eia. doe. gov/emeu/aer/petro.html Petroleum Overview, 1949-2005. Annual Energy Review. 31st Jan, 2007 http//www. eia. doe. gov/emeu/aer/petro. html Prospects For A Hydrogen Economy. Oct. 2002. Postnote. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. 1st Feb, 2007. http//www. parliament. uk/post/pn186. pdf Sanna Lucy. Driving the effect Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles. EPRI Journal. 1st Feb 2007. http//www. calcars. org/epri-driving-solution-1012885_PHEV. pdf U. S. Imports- Petroleum Navigator. Energy Information Administration. 31st Jan 2007 http//tonto. eia. doe. gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_d_NUS_Z00_mbbl_m. htm

Monday, January 28, 2019

Possible Extra Terrestrial Life

Benjamin Hastings April 10, 2013 Did Some matchless Move in Down the Street? An Exploration of Possible Extra global Life in the Universe, Perhaps Our Own System Other life sentence in the universe of discourse near makes sense. Think about it, there be trillions of other stars in make itence in our universe, and most of those stars view satellites, and those satellites prevail satellites. There are literally hundreds of trillions, if not more, planets or planet-sized satellites orbiting stars. To think that none of these could hold life on them is proficient to be naive.If it go alonged to our planet, out of hundreds of trillions of them out there, it can happen to some other, and another. We cant be alone un corresponding, whitethornbe, barely alone is just too far-fetched a theory. Belief in stranger life dates stomach quite far, even back to ancient society. Regarding the existence of other worlds, the ancients of twain Greece and rome were deeply divided. Arguin g affirmative were the Epicureans, so called after Epicurus (341-270 B. C. ), who developed certain ideas that had originated with Democritus and Leucippus twain centuries earlier. Among the theories that we today consider most modern are hat life exists elsewhere in the universe Modern though these ideas may seem to us, they all indisputably date from antiquity (Crowe- 3) We arent the first base people to think that life must exist elsewhere, weve simply brought the notion back into popularity. But where could life be pay backed? Bacteria have been observed to endure extreme conditions in surroundingss with very high or low temperature and where conditions are very acidic or very alkaline. (Fix) Principles much(prenominal) as this suggest that the search for life in the solar agreement should not be confined to the most benign environments. (Fix) Research and discoveries by Dr. Gene D. McDonald in Siberian permafrost showed that single-celled organisms such(prenominal ) as bacteria, archaeans, and kingdom Fungi repair cellular damage for tens of thousands of years and perhaps many times longerafter being frozen solid. (Hart) This is incredible when considering the damage the organisms sustain while being frozen even when all life processes expect to have stopped, processes that affect life do not. Organisms frozen in flat coat continue to be bombarded by radiation from elements inside the soil itself.And at any temperature above absolute zero, all pinpoints vibrate a little. Thus, cells desoxyribonucleic acid and other important molecules continue to sustain life-threatening damage. For organisms to remain feasible for long periods of time, they must somehow maintain a minimal aim of molecular repair. (Hart) A breakthrough such as this suggests that if bacteria on Earth could survive temperatures this low, then certainly organisms outside of What we consider to be the inhabitable temperature zone could certainly adapt and survive on di stant moonlights or dwarf planets. spoil, the fourth and last solar terran planet, could hold, or have held, life on its surface. Recent study of an ancient meteorite strengthens this theory. The meteorite is do of fervid rock that solidified about 4. 5 billion years ago at the time that Mars formed. About 3. 6 billion years ago globules of carbonate minerals were deposited in cracks in the rock. The carbonate minerals may have been deposited when watery urine seeped into the cracks. The impact of an asteroid or comet on Mars 16 million years ago ejected the rock from Mars into interplanetary space.About thirteen thousand years ago the rock fell into the south-polar ice fields as a meteorite. (Fix) This meteorite was carefully studied for two years, revealing several different types of evidence of primitive life on the red planet. Another piece of evidence was the discovery of inorganic compounds like iron sulfides that can be produced by bacteria and other terrestrial organ isms. The most dramatic evidence, however, is tiny structures in the carbonate globules that resemble microscopic fossils of ancient terrestrial bacteria. (Fix) Life may be closer than we think, exclusively it also may have died out eons ago when the liquid water on the surface of Mars seemingly refused to stay in liquid form any longer. Titan, or Saturn VI, the largest Moon of Saturn, and second largest moon in the Solar System, seems promising for handling life. While being much caller than our own planet, again, organisms that live there could adapt to the temperature, as well as atmospheric pressure it sustains a pressure of 1. 6 bars, 60% than greater that of Earth. Titans atmosphere brings interesting points to itself because of its composition. Titans air is predominantly made up of nitrogen with other hydrocarbon elements which give Titan its orange hue. These hydrocarbon well-fixed elements are the building blocks for amino acids necessary for the formation of life. Sci entists believe that Titans environment may be akin to that of the Earths before life began putting type O into the atmosphere. (Hamilton) This means that life on Titan has a potential to lead astray as it did theoretically on Earth, or could even have already even begun in very early stages, although these organisms would have to be super resilient if they are anything like us. Titans surface temperature appears to be about -178C (-289F) scientists believe lakes of ethane exist that contain dissolved methane. Titans methane, through act photochemistry, is converted to ethane, acetylene, ethylene, and (when combined with nitrogen) hydrogen cyanide. The last is an especially important molecule it is a building block of amino acids. (Hamilton) Europa, a moon of Jupiter, is another highly considered candidate for life. Its surface is covered solely by a shell of ice, cracked and scarred by tidal forces deep beneath.The moons tidal forces raise and lower the sea beneath the ice, create constant motion and plausibly causing the cracks we see in images of Europas surface from visiting robotic probes. This tidal heating causes Europa to be warmer than it would otherwise be at its average distance of about 780,000,000 km (485,000,000 miles) from the sun, more than quintuplet times as far as the distance from the Earth to the sun. The passionateness of Europas liquid ocean could prove critical to the survival of simple organisms within the ocean, if they exist. (Harvey&038Burdick) This ocean, thought to span globally with more than twice the volume of Earths seas, may have deep hidden secrets, with conditions that might not be exclusively alien to some forms of life on Earth. Under its frozen crust, Europa may harbor the key ingredients required to create a habitable environment. (Harvey) Europas closer, though still very far distance from the sun, along with what may be hidden in its ocean, make it possibly a smash candidate for life within our own star system.One great physicist, Stephen Hawking, believes the misfortune of life outside of our planet is too great to ignore. He jokes that autochthonic life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare. Although he is very fond of the theory of extraterrestrial beings, he does warn us heavily about them. We should be careful if we ever happen upon extraterrestrial life Alien life may not have desoxyribonucleic acid like ours Watch out if you would meet an alien. You could be infected with a disease with which you have no resistance. What we normally think of as life is found on chains of carbon atoms, with a few other atoms, such as nitrogen or phosphorous we can imagine that one might have life with some other chemical basis, such as silicon. (dailygalaxy. com) Life to him seems undeniable in other parts of the universe, but he does suggest logically that it just may very likely not be like us. This theory is to be respected, because many planets and subterran objects may fall in every planetary guideline to support life, just not in the way we see it in ourselves.Life must exist elsewhere, whether it be out neighbor, next door or down the block, or whether it be outside of our closely knit family of planets, moons, asteroids, etc. It could host similar structure to our own, or be composed differently, and therefore could survive all told different conditions from our own. Simply put, it may be considered to be foolish to completely ignore the possibilities of any terran planet to sustain life, because life is almost certainly out there somewhere, and it may be the in last power we think to look. Works Cited Crowe, Micheal J. The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750-1900.Cambridge UP. 1986. Print. Fix, John D. uranology Journey to the Cosmic Frontier. 5th ed. New York McGraw-Hill. 2008. Print. Hamilton, Calvin J. Views of the Solar System Titan. solarviews. com. Solarviews, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Hart, Stephan. Bacteria Survival in Siberia astrobi o. net. Astrobiology Magazine, 2002. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Harvey, Samantha and Autumn Burdick. Solar System Exploration. nasa. gov. NASA, 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Stephen Hawking on the Possibility of Non-Carbon-Based Extraterrestrial Life. dailygalaxy. com. The day-by-day Galaxy, 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2013.

Sunday, January 27, 2019

International Human Resource Managementp20-3, 4, 5

Title Homework P20-3, 4, 5 for International human imaginativeness management Page number 3 1, Discuss two HR activities in which a multinational unfaltering must engage that would non be required in a domestic environment. (1) More HR activities To operate in an transnational environment, a human resource segment must engage in a number of activities that would not be necessary in a domestic environment international tax income international relocation and orientation administrative services for expatriates host governing relations and language translation services. 2) Risk exposure The direct be (salary, training costs and travel and relocation expenses) of failure to the parent firm whitethorn be as high as three measure the domestic salary plus relocation expenses, depending on currency stand in rates and location assignments. Another aspect of rick exposure that is pertinent to IHRM is terrorism. 2, why is a great degree of involvement in employees personal lives in evitable in many international HRM activities?A greater degree of involvement in employees personal lives is necessary for the selection, training and efficient management of both PCN and TCN employees. In the international HR department must be much more involved in order to declare oneself the level of support required and will need to know more about the employees personal life. The HR department or HR professional needs to ensure that the expatriate employee understands housing arrangements, health care, and alone aspects of the compensation package provided for the assignment(cost-of- living allowances, premiums, taxes and so on). , Discuss at to the lowest degree two of the shiftings that moderate differences between domestic and international HR practices. (1) Attitudes of older management to international operations. It is likely that if senior management does not deplete a strong international orientation, the importance of international operations may be underempha sized in monetary value of corporate goals and objectives. In such situations, managers may tend to focus on domestic issues and minimize differences between international and domestic environments. 2)The cultural environment The cultural environment is an important variable that moderates differences between domestic and international HRM. The natural environment requires many adjustments in a relatively short period of time, challenging peoples frames of reference to such an extent that sense of self, especially in terms of nationality, comes into question. People , in effect, experience a shock reaction to new cultural experiences that cause psychological disorientation because they misunderstand or do not recognize important cues.

Saturday, January 26, 2019

Participative Management in India

Participative watchfulness in the Indian context organic evolution of participative trouble in India Pre- Independence epoch Participative worry in India has taken to its roots quite early in time . This concept was introduced to the Indian soil by a few humanistic textile milling machinery owners who sought the advice of workers spokesmen so as to solve industrial disputes. After a few such(prenominal) minor incidents, occupation houses in India responded to the need of industrial democracy. The Tata Iron and Steel comp both at Jamshedpur was the first official business organization to inured up a works citizens committee which correspondd of prudence and trade union arrayatives.In 1920, when the Government of India started joint committees encouraged the executeation of such an inclination in head-to-head enterprises as healthy. So it can be said that it was that period in India when there were manager and worker bodies that fountainhead-kept co-operation and prov ided a common platform for problems related to industrial concern. The concept of participative concern in the country took shape when the demand for industrial democracy was matt-up by the three-party tire organization ( after on named Indian labour conference), trade unions and political leaders in 1940.Post Independence era Participative management became a wider phenomenon post independence when the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 provided for the government of a works committee in either industrial social unit that employed much than a hundred employees. Along with this, the Industrial truce Resolution that was adopted by the Tripartite conference in 1947 promoted labour management co-operation and Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 provided for the workers shamment in policies of industrial management.Industrial democracy has also been provided for in the constitution of independent India when it referred to all or so democratic interlocking. In 1976, it was ame nded to the constitution by article 43- A that it would be imperative on the state to consider the participation of workers in industrial managers. Thereby, participative management became a constituent part of Five twelvemonth plans and Industrial policy resolutions. There were several other developments with regards to the topic later on. Tripartite labour conference held in May 1977, recommended that a committee be set up to nable the smooth participation of labour in management issues. This led to the formation of a Tripartite committee on workers participation in management and following were the recommendations of the committee in truncated Corporate direct and let on floor direct should dedicate a three tier system of labour participation Supervisors or philia managers should have their federal agency in different participative forums The scheme should be utilise and reviewed by organizations present both at the centre and state level Later on, the Sachar committee w as formed to look into the introduction of workers participation in the Board of Directors.This committee recommended that e very company employing more than 1000 workers should comprise of labour participation in the Board of Directors. The committee also suggested that until now if the exit of employees is less than 1000 in a corporate organization, it should be allowed for workers to have their representation in the Board of Governors. Operating models for participative management in India Since independence the government of India has promoted the participation of workforce in the management by introducing various models for operation from time to time.Five of such schemes introduced by the government argon as follows. 1. Works Committee Establishment Among the first few travel taken to initiate industrial democracy in the country Entailed in section 3 of the Industrial disputes act, 1947 Equal number of employers and workmen representatives in a works committee for every or ganization with more than 100 employees For vocalise consultation in industrial units Functions Deal with well- macrocosm aspects and administration of welfare funds Collective bargaining non implicated Decisions are non binding on the management because of the committees consultative and advisory nature evaluation In spite of increasing awareness of works committees and compulsions to set them up, their number actually started declining and even for the works committees already present, they were not functional and for those that existed and were functional, they performed the rail at function The reason for the above has been attributed to both intra and inter union rivalries and virtually importantly the persistency of the members to discuss extraneous issues in committee discussions 2.Joint Management Council Establishment The second model of participative management was structured by the tripartite bodies on labour relations in 1958 Joint management councils were set up on voluntarily in both the public and private sectors if there was a required understanding amongst the employers and workers Objectives To improve running(a) conditions of employees Improve productivity Encourage contributions and suggestions from employees Look into administration of laws To serve as the middlemen or rather a communicating channel between management and employees Structure Joint management council was composed of a maximum of 12 members of which there was equal employer employee representation Evaluation These models of employee participation hardly served the occasion of fulfilling the gaps in the communication between the management and employees. The reason for the corresponding being the reservations of managers who let in certain junior executives into the council and did not equip them with any decision making powers 3. Workers representation on board This model provides for workers to have an opportunity to participate in the ownership of capital as w ell as in decision making level where the contribution could be meaningful The government launched this model in 1970, when it make way for ii worker directors on the boards of fourteen nationalized banks How this model progressed is not untold correspond in academic schools of thought but it is known that the scheme made no progress at all Presence of multiple unions and the intuition between management and unions are the main reasons for the failure of this novel idea . sponsor council and Joint council The 20 point program mooted in 1975, issued directives to implement the models of shop councils or Consultative committees at the shop floor level and joint councils at the plant level Shop councils Employees in the shop council were nominated by the management Shop councils existed for a term of deuce years and met least once in a month Shop councils were generally considered to assist the management with progress in matters related to action and safety Joint councils Joint councils were established for the whole unit and were reasoned for a term of two years in which they had to meet every quarter The prexy of the council is the chief executive of the unit and the vice chairman was nominated by the worker members of the council Joint councils dealt with matters regarding optimum production, fixation of productivity norms and efficiency It was in the functions of these councils that the term participative management changed to workers participation to allay the apprehensions of the management 5.Participative management by ownership of shares A direct model which ensures the participation of every individual who owns shares of the company Worker is entitled to receive a fraction of the appreciation in capital Conclusion Based on the above models and their evaluation it can be said that the government has so far not effectively tried its best to bring in the theme of participative management into the system. Whatever models and laws the government supp orted have been very minimalistic in nature and it is sad but true that even these models are not up to the mark.The following points enumerate the reasons for the above maculation and render light on steps to be taken to improve the situation 1. Tender mindedness Union recognition should initially become a well established practice so that basic issues of drift between the unions and the management can be sorted out before moving on worker participation. 2. Channel of communication The spirit with which the models of participative management interact with all(prenominal) other should be more relevant than the structure of councils and committees and politics ssociated with the same so that communication is done to resolve issues and not to raise them. 3. impulsive councils Voluntary nature of councils definitely creates a situation where issues are solved not because they are compelled to be but because of the culture and trust between the parties involved. Compulsion in such scenarios would only give way to contrastive cooperation. 4. Defective form of participation Councils should be formed to participate as decision making forms and not as consultative bodies because it is this form of operate that enables worker participation in its true sense.Most of the models of worker management in India are considered to be those where the primary function is that of consultative bodies. How does this ensure industrial democracy in the true sense of the word ? 5. Inadequate representation of supervisors in the management Supervisors are a key to the word worker participation because they function closely with the management and with the workers. Considering them unbiased, it would make sense to involve supervisors in decision making processes in worker related issues because his decisions would represent both the sides involved. . Lack of penury The current scenario is such that the workers are not fully aware and are not enthusiastic about their snappy st akes in the scheme because it is a distant daydream. Awareness and motivation are thus the need of the hour for a better catch of industrial democracy. 7. Traditional positioning In spite of so much of history associated with the term of participative management, the workers still have a traditional attitude which keeps them to the lower rungs and abide by whatever the management dictates in impairment of decisions. . Lack of strong trade unions The scheme can be utilize successfully if the trade unions are stronger and serve a common purpose. accordance among workers is an absolute necessary before they want a representation in the management. 9. Deficient institutionalisation Attention to detail, trails and careful work are what makes the scheme more institutionalised and practical. The agenda of meetings and other relevant issues to be discussed should be drafted out front so that the purpose is met. 10.Lack of an evaluation system It is essential to review to each one of these models at right intervals so that the workers are aware if their democracy is at their will. The scenario in a capitalist economy Worker participation in India is so far a formality but not a practice that ensures better workman facilities or justice. There have been attempts to include the practice in private undertakings as well. As detailed above, initial laws pertaining to this phenomenon have been imperative on private sector to provide for industrial democracy.Management practitioners like Shiv Nadar of HCL technologies have very smoothly been able to transform organizations by following a bottom-up approach. With all this in view, it can be said that participative management in capitalist economies is not distant dream but as we arent there yet, it is a distant goal. It is imperative for organizations to supporter economies reach this goal not for the sake of the word bur for the cash advance of the workforce.

Friday, January 25, 2019

Explain The Mechanism Referred To In The Above Statement Using The Heckscher-Ohlin Model

backup amidst advanced countries that are abundant in capital and accomplishment and NIEs (Newly Industrialising Economies) with their abundant supply of humble labour was raising the wages of exceedingly skilled workers and lowering the wages of less-skilled workers in the skill- and capital-abundant countries (Krugman, Obstfeld and Melitz). Explain the mechanism referred to in the above statement using the Heckscher-Ohlin assume. The Heckscher-Ohlin framework is extremely useful when illustrating how endowments of a particular resource crapper influence condescension between economies.The model shows us how comparative advantage is explained somewhat by the intercourse teemingness of certain resources, such as land, labour or capital. The Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) model predicts that if a country is abundant in a instrument of production and so it will tradeation the good whose production is intensive in that figure. For instance, if a country has an copiousness of land relative to labour, then it will export goods that require land-intensive production, such as crop farming. Abundance, in this sense is delineate as a ratio rather than an absolute value, and is therefore a relative term when comparing a cardinal country model.To illustrate the above statement, I will use a two country, two good, two cistron model. I will name the advanced country, which has an abundance of skilled labour, Foreign and will name the newly industrialising economy, which has an abundance of unskilled labour, Home. The international country produces scarcely cars and the home country produces moreover shoes. Since producing cars requires a lot of skilled labour, Foreigns production commencement night frontier relative to Homes is shifted more in the rush of cars relative to shoes.This leads to Foreign producing more cars relative to shoes. The ratio of the price of cars relative to shoes is assumed to be constant due to trade resulting in the convergence of p rices. If this is constant, then the relative supply of cars must be great in Foreign than in Home. That is, the relative supply schedule for cars in Foreign lies to the right of that in Home, illustrated below. Assuming the demand schedule is equal in both countries, then without trade, Foreigns own marketplace equilibrium is at 1 and Homes equilibrium for cars is at 2.When the two countries trade, the relative founding price converges to a full stop somewhere in between these two points at 3. We can see from the above illustration that trade leads to a convergence of world prices at point 3. The Foreign economy will therefore export the good that has seen an change magnitude in its relative price. Now that we see seen how prices multifariousness under the assumptions of the HO model, I will now explain how these changes have an impact on the distri neverthelession of income in countries open to trade.A rise in the prices of cars increases the purchasing power of skilled la bour (the abundant factor) in the foreign country in call of both goods. At the aforementioned(prenominal) beat it decreases the purchasing power of unskilled labour (the scarce factor) in terms of both goods. So by opening up to trade, the owners of the abundant factor become better off, whilst owners of the scarce factor become worse off. Theoretically, opening to trade should increase the consumption possibilities for the whole economy, allowing everyone to gain a higher(prenominal) utility. So why do some people become worse off, post-trade under the HO model?The underlying issue is that trade only changes relative prices of factors, which has a direct effect on the relative profit of those who possess those factors. Particular industries require a particular composition of inputs, which in most cases is only a temporary puzzle, but a problem nonetheless. For instance, the shoemaker in the above example cannot simply start producing cars with their modified skill set. Thi s immobility of factors means that those who possess the scarce factor cannot cursorily or easily substitute their factor for an abundant factor.This widens the earnings offer between these two groups, which in many cases increases economic inequality. The Heckscher-Ohlin model, unlike the Ricardian model, predicts that factor prices equalise after trade. This is because of the direct relationship between relative prices and factor prices, and due to the fact that relative prices equalise. However, it is important to state that this is a model and does have its limitations when it comes to testing the guess. The model predicts that the two countries produce the same goods, but in reality, countries may produce different goods and may trade with more than one other country.The model also assumes that all countries have the same engineering science and the same productivity of factors. Again, in reality, economies will have differing levels of technology and will have different pr oductivity levels, which will affect the pass judgment and wages paid to these factors. Transport costs and trade barriers may also prevent the prices of factors and goods equalising. The effect of trade on the widening of inequality has been a topic of interest among economists in recent years. Empirical evidence seems to sustenance the Heckscher-Ohlin model.Income inequality has risen in the U. S. considerably from the period 1967 to 2007. For this period the Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, has risen from 0. 39 to 0. 47. 1 This is a significant increase and does imply that inequality in the U. S. has risen during this period. But this measure does not explain the cause of the increase. Many economists feel that the effect due to trade is relatively small as there are a great number of other factors that contribute to this statistic, such as domestic policy.Support of the HO model through empirical evidence is weak. However, the evidence was stronger for manufa cturing data between low/middle income countries and high-income countries. 2 Trefler (1995) suggested that the lack of support of the model big businessman be due to differences in technology and productivity. His findings stated that the HO theory was an excellent model for international trade when, and only when, many of the sign assumptions are relaxed, such as the homogeneity of technology endowment.

Wednesday, January 23, 2019

Cache Positive Environment Essay

AC1.1 A description of what is meant by a imperious environs In both a setting and home a compulsive learning milieu is crucial for children. There are a number of things that contribute to a positive environment. A setting or class should be engaging and dynamic place for the children attending. Creating order and removing clutter up helps children to feel there in orderliness in the environment in order from them to learn, having a disorganized environment can be a distraction. Children should be provided with a clean, safe, and organized setting. Stimulating posters, pictures along with reach the children draw made should be put up around the setting, non except can this be engaging for the children but shows the childrens work is valued. account and displays should be regularly changed and updated related to the theme or topic existence taught as this gives variety.The settings lay out and ar persistment contributes to having a positive environment and ensuring the set ting is bright and well equipped regarding toys, furniture ect. Laying use up the ground rules, making the children familiar with them and are aware of the consequences if they are not followed. Children need boundaries and need to have a clear understanding of what is judge of them. Post the ground rules in the setting and always lean towards positive, earlier than negative, re-enforcement of them. Give out stickers and small prizes as rewards for achievement. Be generous with approval and use positive statements to reinforce positive behaviour. Practitioners should be welcoming, happy and kind to both children and parents.AC1.2 An identification of regulatory requirements that underpin a positive environment for children and four-year-old people In September 2008 the Early Years innovation Stage (EYFS) came into force placing, for the first time, a legal requirement on all early years providers to comply with the Governments learning, study and welfare requirements for 0-5 year-olds. The over-arching aim of the EYFS is to help children achieve the Every Child Matters outcomes. These aims, for children and young people aged 0-19, are to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, polish off a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.EYFS states that the environment plays a key role in supporting and extending childrens development and learning. It likewise says to observe the child finding out what they can do and their interests. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure childrens school readiness and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right foundation for good future build through school and life. The EYFS also states that being outdoors has a positive impact on childrens sense of well-being and helps all aspects of childrens development.The Childcare Act 2006, Health & safety at work act 1974, Care Standards Act 2006 and Safeguarding of Vulnerable Adults (where applicable) all have a helping in the regulatory requirements that underpin a positive environment.

Saturday, January 19, 2019

American living in Qatar

E rattling year a considerable number of Americans offer their res publica to accomplish some obligations or accomplishments overseas. American kick outs have to follow some things into consideration if they atomic number 18 to be successful in attaining their objectives. It is very important to ensure that if unmatchable is going overseas to accomplish the final stages of a company that he or she works with, then the company ought to interpret the studyd resources to facilitate their easy settlement. It is also very critical that the kick out attains or rather acquire some basic information on the host rural areas culture and language if they are to resuscitate rise(p) with the locals.Companies in the US that send their workers overseas ensure that the individuals in question fulfill former(a) important obligations for instance to their spouses as well as to their families. Qatar is a essence East rural area that has been able to muniment an increasing economic grow th courtesy of its rich oil and muff reserves. Oil and gas contribute to a tune of 60% of the boorishs total GDP, 85 % of the export hire and 70% of the presidential term activity revenues. (CIA, 2008). Despite the fact that it has the eminentest per capita income the recent pretentiousness tempos have plus much concerns.According to the awkwards Central Bank the inflation rate has since the last quarter of the year 2006 fluctuated from 11. 3 to 14. 8, 12. 8 and 13. 7. (Qatar Central Bank). Analysts lay out that the increasing inflation rate is attributed to the increasing oil prices and the fluctuating treasure of the US dollar. (AME Info, 2008). Qatar foundation for Education Science and Community Development is a chartered non profit organization whose main focus is to develop the countrys human capital to match the demands of the competitive earth. To attain this goal the foundation supports important projects like the Education city.Housing toll Qatar like the o ther oil producing countries has been registering increased housing costs aggravated by the world surging prices of food and energy. The cost of housing is thought to have move by approximately three times what it initially was. mavin expatriates are estimated to spend approximately 12,000 Qatar Riyals for rent and utilities spell married compeers with 2 children would require 25,000 Qatar Riyals for the same. (UK craftiness & ampere Investment, 2008). Cost of living in Qatar Increased inflation rates in Qatar have precipitated the increased cost of living and the prices of close to all products have g one and only(a) up.Expatriates who have been unable to afford to whizz decent lives have been forced to leave Qatar. Americans working in the Qatar universities as well as in the Education City have had to increase the money spent on various activities. The cost of al close to everything has move up at a high level. Entertainment costs, travel costs as well as chat costs hav e also come up. Single persons are estimated to spend 3,000 Qatar Riyals on food and domestic ineluctably while married couples with two children would require 6000 Qatar Riyals.Single persons are estimated to spend transport and communication 800 Qatar Riyals, 600 for clubs and sports and on clothing and sundries 1,100 Qatar Riyals would be used. (UK Trade & Investment, 2008). Married couple with two children would need 1,500 Qatar Riyals on transport and communication, 900 Qatar Riyals on clubs and sports and 1,400 Qatar Riyals for clothing and sundries. Taxation. Although the Qatar government assesses corporations doing business within its borders it does not tax personal income and this is an incentive to work.Without this tax then the disposable income is relatively high compared with a situation where it was applied. (Wallace, 2005). wellness care Health care in Qatar is free for the Qatar citizens but American expatriates have to pay for their health care. Prior arrange ments must be do if they are to have the cost of their health care covered by their insurances otherwise they are expected to pay in cash by and by they are treated. It is estimated that after the inflationary effects, health care for an executive expatriate was 500 Qatar Riyals (QR) for a single person and 700 for a family with two children.(UK Trade & Investment, 2008). Education The government of Qatar does not provide free cultivation to foreigners who must make their own arrangements on where their relevant family members are to dumbfound educated. Americans working in the Qatar university as well as the Education City take their children to international schools in the country. The cost of education has also risen as school fees have been raised tremendously. The school fee for two children was estimated to be 2,500 Qatar Riyals. (UK Trade & Investment, 2008). Advantages of living in Qatar Qatar is an exciting country to live and work in.American expatriates can enjo y living in the country which favors pro-American business climate. Qatar is focused in ensuring that it enhances economic modernization and is busy to face up the challenge. Working in such a country is good especially for the expatriates as their efforts can be fast and well appreciated. (Wallace, 2005). There is political stability in the Qatar and president Emir favors conceptive US relations while advocating for regional peace and stability. Approximately intravenous feeding fifth of the people working in Qatar are expatriates from other countries and this miscellanea is beneficial for the American living and working in Qatar.The country has a rock-bottom incidence of crime and terror attacks against Americans are minimal. (Wallace, 2005). Disadvantages of living in Qatar The legal system in Qatar is not very clear cut. Again, existence a Muslim country where the Islamic laws are followed at the write off of civil codes it is unclear for the American expatriates to under stand what is expected of them. (Karamanaian). The increased cost of living is also a disadvantage of living in Qatar as when people spend more money to meet their basic needs there is little amount left as savings. Investment is reduced when there is reduced savings.Meeting other obligations becomes difficult as most of the earnings are spent to meet the basic needs like on food, education and health. American expatriates must respect the culture of the people of Qatar and by doing so they have to forego some of the things they believe in. Teachers must ostracize anything that does not auger well with the Islamic beliefs. This paper has by and sizeable examined the plight of an American living and working in Qatar. It has discussed the hardships that such a person undergoes as well as the opportunities that one has at their giving medication while working in the Qatar University or Education City.Working in Qatar has both its advantages as well as disadvantages. The cost of livi ng is relatively high due to the increasing inflation. There are challenges to be overcome if one is to be successful in fulfilling his or her accomplishments. Respecting the culture of the Qatar people will be a necessity rather than a requirement if one is to effectively fulfill ones obligations. Censorship must be used where essential to ensure that the people culture is respected. Language barrier can be a problem for an American working in Qatar as most students are conversant with Arabic language and translations could distort the intended meaning.References AME Info. 2008. ostentation puts Qatar dollar peg back under the spotlight. Retrieved on 2nd July 2008 from http//www. ameinfo. com/160201. html. CIA. The mankind Fact book. Qatar. Retrieved on 2nd July 2008 from https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa. html Douglas Wallace. 2005. Rules of doing business in Qatar. http//www. export. gov/middleeast/country_information/qatar/ConsiderQatarGuide. pdf. Qatar Foundation. Retrieved on 2nd July 2008 from http//www. qf. edu. qa/output/page1. asp UK Trade & Investment, 2008 Countries Asia Middle East Qatar. Retrieved on 2nd July 2008 from https//www. uktradeinvest. gov. uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countriesjsessionid=H2GdxSvn8fZhzxLlnbjH9KSN1YQQPThB4lsz6gPBJ2kn35lGVftL 750510 NONE? _nfpb=true&portlet_3_5_actionOverride=%2Fpub%2Fportlets%2FgenericViewer%2FshowContentItem&_windowLabel=portlet_3_5&portlet_3_5navigationPageId=%2Fqatar&portlet_3_5navigationContentPath=%2FBEA+Repository%2F325%2F226889&_pageLabel=CountryType Susan Karamanaian. Lessons learnt from an American in the disjuncture States. Qatar Central Bank. 2006. Retrieved on 2nd July 2008 from http//www. qcb. gov. qa/.

Friday, January 18, 2019

Organizational Buying Behaviour Essay

These be marketing intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers who buy finished goods for resale at a profit. ? Government markets This comprises of national and local governments, seeking to provide the everyday with education, water, energy, national defense, road systems and health care. ? Institutional markets o Organizations that seek to strike charitable, educational, community or other(a) non- blood goals make up institutional markets. o They include churches, hospitals, museums, libraries, universities and charitable organizations. 2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL AND PERSONAL BUYING.These can be compared on the unique characteristics of organizational get. a) Business markets soak up fewer vendees than consumer markets. b) In business markets, there are a few large buyers c) on that point is close supplier-customer relationship in business market due to o Sm anyer customer base o Contracts go to suppliers who co-ope reckon with the buyers on skillful spec s and delivery withdrawments o Suppliers are expected to at feed special seminars organize by buyers so as to be familiar with the buyers quality specifications. d) geographically concentrated buyers ) Derived demand The demand for business goods is ultimately delivered from the demand for consumer goods f) dead demand The total demands for industrial goods are non much abnormal by the changes in the environment. g) Fluctuating demand Demand for organizational goods tend to be to a greater extent volatile than the demand for consumer crossings. o This is specially authentic for the demand of new plant and equipment o A given section increase in consumer demand can lead to a larger percentage increase in the demand for plant and equipment necessary for spare output. h) Professional getBusiness goods are purchased by trained purchasing agents, who must follow the organizations, o Purchasing policies o Constraints o Requirements. i) several(prenominal) buying influences o M ore people typically influence business buying decisions than in consumer buying decisions. o purchase committees consisting of technical experts and until now senior managers are common in the purchase of major goods. j) need purchasing Business buyers often buy from manufacturers rather through intermediaries, especially those items that are technically complex and/or expensive. k) Reciprocity Business buyers unremarkably buy from suppliers who buy from them. ) Leasing. o Many industrial buyers lease their equipment alternatively of buying it. o Advantages Conserves capital Gets sellers latest products Receives better run Gains some tax advantages. 3. BUYING SITUATIONS OR TYPES OF BUYING decisionS. Three types of buying postures collapse been identifieda) Straight Rebuy ? The purchasing department orders on a routine basis e. g. office suppliers. ? The buyer chooses from the suppliers on its approved list, bragging(a) weight to past satisfaction with the various suppl iers. b) Modified Rebuy The buyer wants to turn the Product specification, Prices, talking to requirements and Other terms This usually involves additional discussions and more participants on both the buyer and the sellers side. c) New proletariat Rebuy ? A product is being bought for the first time. ? The greater the cost and/or risks, the lager will be the number of decision participants and the greater their study gathering. The time take to make a decision also increases. ? This situation offers the marketer the greatest opportunity and challenge. ? The marketer tries to reach as many key buying influencers as possible and provides easeful information and assistance. Because of the confused nature of selling, many companies are using missionary sales ability consisting of their best sales people. 4. BUYING ROLES/PARTICIPANTS IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING. I. e. the decision qualification unit (DMU) or buying midpoint. a) What is the buying center? It is composed of a ll those individuals and groups who participate in the purchase-decision process. It includes members of the organizations who play any of the following roles in the purchase-decision process. b) Buying roles i) Initiators Those who suggest that an item be purchased They whitethorn be users or other organizations. i) Users Those who will use the product. In most cases, they initiate the buying, write proposals and help designate product specifications/requirements. iii) Influencers Are persons who influence the buying decisions They help define product specifications and provide information for evaluating alternatives. adept personnel are master(prenominal) as influencers. iv) Deciders Are the persons who have the causality to decide on product requirements and/or suppliers. v) Approvers Are the persons who must authorize the proposed actions of deciders or buyers. vi) BuyersAre persons with orb authority for selecting the supplier and arranging terms of purchase. vii) Gate-keepers Are persons who have the power to prevent information from reaching members of the buying center e. g. Purchasing agents Receptionists and send for operators. They may prevent sales persons from talking to users or deciders. 5. BUYING DECISION PROCESS Eight stages in the buying decision process have been identified by marketers. These are described as- i) Problem knowledge The buying decision process starts when someone in the follow recognizes a problem or need. This may arise from, ?Internal stimuli e. g. o The union decides to develop a new product and needs new equipment o There may be a machine break-down which may require replacement or new parts o Purchased material may turn out to be unsatisfactory and the company needs another(prenominal) supplier. ? External stimuli e. g. o New ideas from trade shows. ii) General need definition ? Buyer determines the general characteristics and quality of the needed item. ? He may not be aware of different product cha racteristics ? The marketer should help the company to define its needs. iii) Product specificationsAt this stage, items technical specifications are developed. The decision makers may use of product abide by analysis. They may want such questions as o Does the use of the item contribute value? o Is its cost proportionate to its usefulness? o Can it be found elsewhere? iv) Supplier search Sources of suppliers may include ? mete out directories ? Business directories ? Word of mouth ? Experience. v) Proposal solicitation In this stage, the buyer invites qualified suppliers to submit proposals. vi) Supplier selection In selecting suppliers, decision makers, may use of vendor analysis.The following attributes, may be used Delivery qualification Quality PriceRepair serviceTechnical capabilityPerformance historyReputationFinancial position. vii) Order routine specification Buyer now writes final order with the chosen suppliers, listing Technical specification Quantity needed Expe cted time of delivery founder policies, e. t. c. viii) Performance review Buyer reviews performance of a particular supplier(s) The buyer can contact end users and ask for their evaluation and then rate suppliers on several criteria. The review may lead the buyer to Continue, characterize or Drop the supplier. 6. FACTORS INFLUENCING ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING DECISIONS. a) Environmental factors E. g. Level of aboriginal demand Cost of money Technology Political/legal forces competitory developments Organizational factors Objectives, Policies, Procedures Organization structure, e. t. c. b) Interpersonal factors Participants in their buying center have different statuses, authority, persuasiveness, e. t. c. c) Individual factors Each individual in the buying centre has Personal motivators Perceptions Education Personality, e. t. c.

Thursday, January 17, 2019

Org 581

ORG 581 Facilitating limiting Paper Timothy Kirk ORG/581 William Gillis, PhD December 22, 2012 * * * * Introduction Starbucks Facilitating Change to chinaw ar Starbucks up-to-date organise is categorized as a mechanistic organization, which is comprised of highly upended and horizontal complexities, highly formalizations, highly centralizations, tapered lengths of control, and highly standardizations. The CEO of Starbucks, Howard Shultz, has naturali expectd to throw a more businesslike and streamlined structure where information washbowl flow freely from customer and low-tier employee to the corporate level.To facilitate this process has throw ined Starbucks to complicate to locations like China. Starbucks divides its labor into cross functional work teams, which entrusts employees to report to sevenfold supervisors. This structural behavior has allowed the corporation to have successful communication upward, downwards and laterally with its employees (Successful Appl ication of Organizational Behavior Starbucks, 2009). The matrix structure seems to work for Starbucks, as they maintain effective communication, great product development, efficient production, and exemplary customer service as a result.Starbucks CEO, Howard Schultz helped facilitate in the companies structure a matrix of communication that both works sexual and external, this key to the primary benefits of the success of the telephoner. On the inside, Starbucks reinforcement of exposed communication among workers, higher administration, and administrators permits more open innovation in ideas, correcting problems through a process of identifying, discussing, plan of action, and follow through to solutions in a punctual manner. On the outside are the clients that are loyal and are devoted ownership in that the company solicits their input on a perpetual basis.For instance, Starbucks integrated a community web internet site for networking where clients help to shape the future o f Starbucks as we know it to daylight. The loyalty of the customers help in developing an emotional beat that creates a family type network open to discussion, ideas, and innovation to services and merchandise. As an example of the recommendations presented to the challenges of the existing organizational design, our recommendations in this paper will attend in summarizing the need for positive transforms in current strategies at Starbucks.One recommendation is to add programs that would highlight staff successes / achievements and assist in locations both locally and internationally for more exposure. In the second recommendation, social media programs would be apply to allow broader cross cookery, updates on corrective actions to local issues with products, equipment issues and solutions, and change techniques. Starbucks already has a winning situation by boom outing efforts to achieve these ideas in their company services in China and also to a global merchandise using their website as an anchor with Facebook pointing back more opportunities.While Starbucks is setting young standards for selling products, marketing services, and the development of upstart products, in that location are endlessly room for improvement. Each day as the Staff and Managers begin their day in that respect is a sense of loyalty that permeates throughout the organization that is in the air. While the last recommendation that seems to have a major shock absorber is when customers enter into the stores there is a feeling of calm and peace, but non so much interaction outside the corner. Customers are more free to profane and linger in the store and browse.This opens of doors of opportunity if the staff is observation to see the roaming of customer in renting them if they had something in mind as they browsed the floor. by chance when a staff member observed a customers aspect at merchandise they could come from around the counter and visit and ask if there was s omething they may be looking for as a invest or for them person-to-personly. I can see an up in the personal sleep with for customers. Social connection is key to staff interaction with customers as these services to products and merchandise just adds to the Starbucks experience.Now changing things in the structure of selling coffee is what Starbucks does best. The easy going stages of the processes are streamlined. Culturally they are rattling obedient at fitting in to provide employees with didactics that allows not only greater knowledge, but a chance to be a part of not just a company, but a family of teams that work very close together. The only thought that if I could influence the change would be that some of the locations selected are very hard to get adit to, and cause traffic issues.Over-all Starbucks has a strong leadership team and is very focused on keeping the flow of coffee going for historic period to come. To improve the effectiveness of Starbucks the main item that needs more solicitude is a stronger sense of community with employees in the training programs. It appears that Starbucks can expand training by using the Starbucks website. Furthermore, these types of business pages would have to be pitch towards the staffing groups at each store.Starbucks would be able to place items like training videos, current calendar events, up and coming announcements, Ads, Promos, and to have more likes that gift exposure. As much as family and community are for Starbucks that type of count on would build confidence, cultural connections, and building solid teams. The department here is the fosterage Center and would be directly connected to the website through an Intranet to allow uploading, changes, editing, and training through a custom based interactive website.The site would allow team members to have 24 hour access to newsletters, memos, updates, and training documentation. The site would facilitate training in all aspect of Starbucks. Recommended Changes regarding technology Strategies to China As an example of the recommendations to the Starbucks strategies the program would highlight staff successes and highlights at locations providing both locally and internationally. In this recommendation a social media program would allow more cross training, updates on corrective actions to local issues with products, equipment issues, and selling techniques.Starbucks has a winning situation by expanding efforts to achieve company services in China to a global market by using their website as an anchor with Facebook to point back using these media products opportunities. While Starbucks is setting new standards for selling products and services, marketing to foreign countries, and development, there is always room for improvement. all(prenominal) day as the Staff and Managers begin their day there is a sense of loyalty that permeates throughout the organization that is in the air.When customers enter into the stores ther e is a feeling of calm and peace. Customers are more willing to buy and linger in the store and browse. This opens of doors of opportunity if the staff is watching to see the roaming of customer in asking them if they had something in mind as they browsed the floor. Maybe when a staff member observed a customers looking at merchandise they could come from around the counter and visit and ask if there was something they may be looking for as a gift or for them personally. I can see an up in the personal experience for customers.Conclusion * * Starbucks has done an exceptional job at expanding its exposure and market share. What I find disturbing is that so many employees are burned out, others do not have enough hours to keep up with the changes, and some are not happy even though Starbucks is a very good company to work for in all the aspects of the word job. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * References * * * Agence France-Presse Starbucks plan s China expansion * http//business. inquirer. net/54427/starbucks-plans-china-expansion Anthony, W.P. , Gales, L. M. , & Hodge, B. J. (2003). Organization Theory A Strategic advancement (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. * Efrati, A. and Gasparro, A. (2012), Starbucks Invests in Square The Wall roadway Journal * http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10000872396390444423704577575803898185594. html * * Facebook. com. (2011). Starbucks. * Retrieved from http//www. facebook. com/ /Starbucks? sk=wall * * Starbucks Training Technologies (November 2011) * http//starbuckstrainingtechnology. blogspot. com/

Do Political Parties Help or Hurt America Essay

Political parties look at been in the States since the very inception of the country. Political parties were originally knowing to give voice to a group of heaps interests. simply as the time has passed, the ideas being presented has been growing less about the people and more about the berth and the longevity of the troupe and the people unconditional it. The people are not voting for the drive outdidate that they think depart represent them the best but for the D or the R that appears on the side of the name. Should this be the main thing we look to when deciding the leading of our controlment?The issue that people take with the concept and general organise of the modern day political parties is the reality of its inability to effectively govern with its supporters. The state must(prenominal) not be usurped by side interests or used as a means of dictating unpopular or sluice popular laws. In immediatelys parliamentary and representative republics, it is the power behind the party, not necessarily the party itself that decides policy. The question is, in todays capitalistic world, will it be the people or the sparing and financial advisers that hold the Party keys?Undoubtedly, it must be the people. However, here we adventure the question of how large a voice any particular political party must take within the ideally reconstructed and redefined state. lets not forget the state is but a short-lived structure devised and built by Man. It is microscopic more than the regulatory consistence that encompasses the concept of the political party. As such, it stands to be reformed or, in definite cases, overhauled by the parties that reside within it. What the people behind the Party must do, is make sure that their needs and necessary wants be taken up by the Party itself.This is but one aspect of the political party my concern lies in the eventual and it would happen eventually fostering of a broader party cult of personality. Examples of this can be seen from the U. S. to Asia, from Europe to S. America and Africa. When the people begin to support the idealized face of party political sympathies more so than the spirit of the individual, they resign themselves to the dictatorship of the governmental coalition. Instances of these can be seen in Americas dual-party political system, as easily as in certain European states.In essence, the Party becomes little more than a modified form of political and social dictatorship. I would argue that while political parties have their place within society, their role and importance should be greatly isolated and/or minimalized. They should be nil more than mouthpieces for the people who make up their constituency as a legislative and governing body, their role must be subjected to the democratic will of the people they represent. I would propose a Democracy from the bottom up kind of of the more recognized Democracy from the top down. Because living in a government with n o freedom, is a fate worse than terminal

Wednesday, January 16, 2019

Analysis of Peter Berger’s The Sacred Canopy Essay

Peter Bergers The Sacred Canopy utilizes a version of genial constructivism as the foundational simulation of its argument. In accordance with his front work, The Social Construction of Reality, Bergers version of favorable constructivism states that hu homo intimacy is explainable in social terms since it is causatively unconquerable by various social factors. Social universe, in this sense, is seen as generated by the genuine and empirically ascertainable fixed habits of thought prevalent in a given association which argon fixed since they argon considered as the causal yield of certain aspects of social cosmos.In this case, its determinacy is derived from certain laws specifying the causal, social decisiveness of cognitive processes (Berger and Luck bitn 12). This implies that human friendship is not dependent for its determinate nitty-gritty upon some infinite hierarchy of negotiated agreements, nor is it fixed by standards of rationality that are themselves relati ve to the social setting in which knowledge evolves.According to Berger and Luckmann, society is an objective humankind (and) man is a social product (23). In other words, social reality is a human construction since man and his habits of thought are shaped by social factors. Humans puddle social institutions, as they are iterated and typified. In this sense, social reality determines man but man too determines social reality. inside this scheme, social reality is not a social fact but it is something produced and communicated. Society is thereby a product of humans and humans are products of society.However, it should be telephone circuitd that, humanly constructed arenas are constantly threatened by their creators self disport and stupidity (Berger 29). If such is the case, in rear for society to maintain put up there is the necessity to conformityulate and in a sense construct cozy supporting structures. In Bergers The Sacred Canopy, he argues that legitimation stands as the most important internal supporting structure (29). Berger notes that legitimation stands as the rationale for the creation of institutional arrangements (29).This tin be further mum if sensation considers that legitimations belong to the objective side of our dialectic social sexual congressship. through with(predicate) repetition and their objective status, legitimations continually reinforce the institutional arrangements prevalent in spite of appearance a given society. much(prenominal) a process stands as the moxie for the new the children and the forgetful as wellhead as for the periods of collective or singular crisis where the veil amid meaning and chaos grows particularly thin.In the same manner that legitimations reinforce social institutions, plausibility structures may also be considered as upholding such legitimations. Plausibility structures refer to the specific social processes that continually reinforce and reconstruct both the legitimating world as well as the result of such a world the legitimated world (Berger 45).The correlation in the midst of the plausibility structure as well as the process of legitimations are diaphanous if one considers that when the plausibility structures are strong, the legitimations are simple and when plausibility structures are weak, the legitimations are stronger. Berger notes that religion as a social institution has been shown to take lay out in both situations instances wherein the plausibility structures are strong and weak.It is within the aforesaid(prenominal) context that Berger considers the strength of unearthly institutions. Berger notes, Religion is the human enterprise by which a sacred cosmos is established (25). Such a line of reasoning can be understood if one considers that the steadfastness of phantasmal institutions lies in its ability to locate human phenomena within a cosmological framework thereby providing the support for religious institutions a universal in the s ense  of cosmic status. Such a status, due to its universal cosmic character thereby has the efficiency to transcend the mundane experiences of liveness thereby providing a new symmetry for the analysis of human experience (Berger 35).According to Berger, the importance of such is lucid if one considers that by providing human human beings with various dimensions e.g. physical as opposed to the spiritual, the socialized individual is given a framework of drive reality in its different levels that enables the assumption of the possibility of the existence of peace and aegis within his role in society. In line with this, Berger notes that to locate an individual outside the protective spheres of a religiously legitimated world is tantamount to making him deal with the devil (39).In accordance with the aforementioned function of religion, Berger notes that one of the reasons that religion serves, as a prevalent and effective method of legitimation lies in its function as a powerful agency of alienation (87). estrangement refers to a condition wherein an individual forgets that he is co-creator of his world (Berger 85).It is important to note that alienation stands as an overextension of the process of objectivation in the dialectic relationship between self and society (Berger 85). Berger notes that through the objectivation of legitimations, alienation renders them virtually unassailable as long as an alienated conscious can be maintained. in spite of appearance such a context, de-alienation may only occur as a result of the demise of a particular institutional framework.In relation to this, Berger notes that the function of religious legitimation is that of enabling theodicy wherein theodicy refers to the explanations of the human condition e.g. life and death. Theodicy, in this sense, is highly irrational since it necessitates a surrender of the self to the tell structure of society (Berger 54). Consider for example the most prevalent form of the odicy Christian theodicy. Within the framework of Christian theodicy, an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent entity God is depicted as suffering for humanity.Such a theodicy is questionable in relation to the existence and prevalence of various forms of disasters both natural and unnatural. In addition to external assailants of religious plausibility structures, Berger argues that Protestantism itself carried the seeds for its own destruction (129). In its critique of Catholicism, Protestantism enabled a more(prenominal) rational, individualistic world divided into laic and sacred spheres (Berger 123). As the secular sphere expanded to encompass everything outside of the church, Christianity became marginalized in a pluralistic society. It is within this context that the concept of pluralism arises.According to Berger, pluralism refers to a social-structural correlate of the secularisation of consciousness (127). In addition to Protestantism, industrialization tends to lead t he political order away from the influences of religion (Berger 130). This process compartmentalized religion into the private world creating a pluralistic market situation. Such a situation thereby fails to enable the continuance of the universal cosmological ordering function of religion. This is evident if one considers that within pluralistic conditions, various and different and sometimes contradictory conditions of truth exists. Such a condition, according to Berger, leads to a relativistic cosmos of reality which leads to a relativized theodicy and hence an unstable conception of reality.            As was mentioned at the outpouring of this paper, the aforementioned conception of social reality rests upon the framework of a socially constructed reality. It is within the context of this framework that I will assess the viability of Bergers aforementioned claims as specified in his book The Sacred Canopy. Within the aforementioned context, a socially constructed conception of reality fails on the reasonableness that it method of accountings for all bodies of doctrine in a non-discriminatory fashion. This is possible since Berger perceives reality and knowledge as initially justified by the fact of their social theory of relativity. Schutzs influence here is apparent since such a conception is based upon an envisioned existence of multiple realities.Rationality then is sensed as relative in so far as the dodging allows the demarcation of individuals into social groups, which are seen as having different conceptions of rationality on a pattern of a neat one to one equalizer. However, if such a one to one corresponds occurs, how is it possible to consider the contrary frames of reference in relation to understanding reality as different individuals converge within a social sphere. In the aforementioned context, the individuals specified may be specifically construed as individuals who belong within diffe rent religious groups.In a sense, the problem with the above conception of reality fails on the grounds that, in the same manner that a particular theodicy fails within a pluralistic society, such a conception of reality fails within a pluralistic society itself since in order to assume the existence of religious institution as a institutional structure which enables legitimation, it is important to account how such is possible within a society with varying yet conflicting theodicies.This can be best understood if one considers that, the aforementioned conception of reality fails on the grounds that even if it seems to supply us with the fixed laws in terms of which the outcome of hypothetical cognitive processes can be determined, these laws are fixed by the social context of the cognitive process. This unless leans towards a form of epistemic hierarchy since the laws will also be constructed via a particular societys presupposed notion of the existence of social construction. In Collins words, we cannot define social fact as the product of a hypothetical societal discussion (since)the lawswould rely for this hypothetical prevision are themselves social constructions, the outcome of societal consensus (23). This thereby leads to the problem of regress. industrial plant CitedBerger, Peter. The Sacred Canopy Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York prime Press, 1990.Berger, Peter and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality A Treatise of the Sociology of Knowledge. atomic number 20 University of California Press, 1967.Collin, Finn. Social Reality. London Routledge, 1997.