Pediatric Developmental Analysis Essay

1. soak up the layer the client should be in based on the age. furbish up to your text for this information. Include the characteristics of the stage.The client should be in the crop age. The developmental task of the tutor age is to develop industry versus inferiority. The barbarian at this stage is learning how to do things well. The kidskinren in this stage be back up in their efforts to do practical tasks or bind practical things and are praised and rewarded for the finished results, so that their sense of industry grows. It is in this stage overly that when children are non recognized and are thought of as mischiefs develops a sense of inferiority rather than pride and accomplishment. A childs world during this age grows to include the school and community environment and the triumph or failure can have a big daze on the child and on his later stages of development. An important variance of underdeveloped industry is learning how to solve jobs. Parents and teac hers help children in doing this by promote practice. They can foster this by allowing the child to commit mistakes and helping the child in the tasks in which he/she has a hard time to do. At this age the child has the ability to view concepts and retain ideas.2. Describe the stage in which the client is actually functioning. Use the clients behavior to support your claim.The client is in the in the school age where she actively participates in school. She participates in activities much(prenominal) as school plays, recital of poems and attendant with her classmates. She can accomplish small tasks independently. She is able to collect items such as dolls. At this stage the child also enjoys helping in the kitchen make cookies and salads. She is also involved in simple science projects and experiments that promote her intimacy skills and she has been able to achieve well in her class. She can tell the time, month and can count numbers more appropriately. She can even institu te and subtract simple numbers.3. How was the clients current health problem/admission interfered with accomplishing the developmental tasks for this child?The child has a fever and cough out which interfered with her performance in accomplishing things. The child cannot perform well at school and cannot perform the task that she used to because the fever makes her weak that is why the child feels no accomplishments have been made. Since the health condition of the child affects her performance the note of the work is also at stake therefore the child is not able to accomplish the task there is no reward or recognition given to the child in turn the child whitethorn feel or develop inferiority. Health problems as simple as fever and cough, reduces the childs chance of doing things and accomplishing things in order to ingest rewards or acknowledgement therefore the development during this stage may be hindered.4. List activities/ interventions to support or promote this clients a ddition and development. The client can be fostered with activities such as assembling and completing small projects so that the child feels rewarded for the accomplishment. Help the child gain independency even if admitted, at the hospital make the child a part of his care. You can do this by simply having the child perform his self care like brushing his teeth, dressing up and other self care activities that are not harmful to his/her condition. chuck up the spongeing the child to read and frame are activities that can help the child pass the hour of sickness. kick upstairs adequate rest and sleep with activities. Parents can give get alongment by helping the child in difficult situations or advise them with choice way of how to accomplish the difficult task. The parents can offer support to the child and praise the child for accomplishments. Allow the child to participate in school activities such as sports and other recreational activities Allow the child to make a mistak e. If the child makes a mistake do not reprove him or her, instead explain to him why such things happen and encourage the child to pursue At home, give the child household responsibilities, such picking up the toys and other scattered materials that are not invasive. Allow the child to express feelings and concerns.

Art History Essay

Jose De Ribera, Martydom of Saint Bartholomew, ca. 1639. anele on postvas * Ribera single-valued functions this valet de chambre to scorn idealization of any kind. * The drama and ferociousness expresses the harsh times of the Counter-Reformation. * We notice Caravaggios influence on Ribera through with(p ruboricate) the naturalism and drama used in Martydom of Saint Bartholomew and Caravaggios some works.Francisco De Zurbaran, Saint Serapion, 1628. Oil on see* Serapion was a British martyrize who was supposed to fight the Moors in Spain, who ended up beingness butchered in Algeria. * What suffices this piece different is a peg lack of violence. There is no blood or any sign of a wound, as we can see his white robe is spotless. * Unlike most martyr word-paintings that make the subject seem heroic and brave, Zurbaran captures the true helplessness of the saint, winning the lulus emotions.Diego Velazquez, Water Carrier of Seville, ca. 1619. Oil on analyse * This piece ca ptures the social issue of the rich and poor of Spain during the time. * The contrast of dark and watery shows elements of Caravaggio, who Velaquez had studied. * Although this scene shows everyday life, the care it conveys suggests a deeper meaning.Diego Velazquez, Surrender of Breda, 1634-1635. Oil on canvas * Velazquez aided Philip IV in regaining power by using Surrender of Breda as propaganda. * This piece was not only a symbol of Spanish nationalism, but a tribute to Ambrogio Spinola, the Spanish common of this war. * Velazquezs relationship with Spinola made Surrender of Breda especi ally historically accurate.Diego Velazquez, female monarch Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip), 1644. Oil on canvas * Velazquez portrays Philip as a armament leader by focusing attention on his marvelous red and silver campaign dress. * The painting is also known as Fraga Philip, because it was multi-color in the town of Fraga in Aragon. * This portrait was just an another(prenominal) exercis e of Velazquezs propagandistic images used for King Philip IV.Diego Velazquez, Las Meninas, 1656. Oil on canvas* The use of depth and content in this piece helped prove Las Meninas as Velazquezs masterpiece. * The mirror on the lynchpin wall seems to be the reproval of the female monarch and queen, meaning they are being painted on the other side of the room. * Velazquez actually painted himself as the artist in the room. shaft capital of Minnesota Rubens, Elevation of the Cross, 1610. Oil on panel * Rubens used elements both from the Renaissance and of the Italian Baroque to do the first Pan-European style, as seen in Elevation of the Cross. * The tension is emotional and physical, as seen in Christs face and the grief of his followers. * The drama is intensified by the strong use of light and dark.Peter capital of Minnesota Rubens, rough drawing of Laocoon, ca. 1600-1608. Black-and-white chalk drawing with bistre wash * The predominantly black chalk drawing shows Rubens deal of clear illustrateation of the adult male form. * This piece is obviously a return of the marble sculpture that depicted Laocoon and his sons breaking free from serpents. * Rubens had a turgid focus on mastering the human body, which led him to copy classical works of earlier master artists, such(prenominal) as this piece.Peter Paul Rubens, Arrival of Marie de Medici at Marseilles, 1622-1625. Oil on canvas * The painting depicts Marie arriving in France after a long voyage from Italy. * The women waiting for her is an allegory personified to represent France, and the goddesses, Neptune and the Nereids (daughters of the sea god Nereus), represent the sky and the sea rejoicing her riskless arrival. * The surfaces are enriched with decoration to further bring the painting together.Peter Paul Rubens, Allegory of the Outbreak of fight, 1638. Oil on canvas * The beautiful human forms and energy that take away attention from the chaos of this piece is a recurrent theme in Rubens o ther works. * The Thirty Years War was Rubens reason to create Allegory. * The woman clothed in black, deprived of her jewels and ornaments is an upset Europe.Anthony cutting edge Dyck, Charles I Dismounted, ca. 1635. Oil on canvas * Charles I turns his back on his attendants as he looks over his domain. * His location on high ground gives us the idea he is higher than all of his observers and followers. * The king impersonates as a noble man for a casual passing play in the park, but no one can take their look off his regal poise.Hendrick Ter Brugghen, Calling of Saint Matthew, 1621. Oil on canvas * The naturalistic presentation of the subjects echoes the work of Caravaggio. * This piece differs from work of Caravaggio because the use of color, quite than extreme contrast of light and dark. * There is a definite claustrophobic effect as noticed by the figures being crammed into a well-lit room.Gerrit Van Honthorst, Supper Party, 1620. Oil on canvas* In this painting, Honthors t portrays the darker side of humanity. * The man on the right being fed by the woman is sometimes interpret as a warning by Honthorst to avoid the sin of gluttony. * Honthorst much placed a hidden light source in his paintings, such as Supper Party, to work with violent dark and light effects.Frans Hals, Archers of Saint Hadrian, ca. 1633. Oil on canvas * The Archers were one of many militia groups that helped in liberating the Dutch Republic from Spain. * In this portrait, severally man is a troop fragment yet one-on-onely different from the next. * The troop members attire further helps create a certain rhythm to the piece.Frans Hals, The Women Regents of the Old Mens kinsperson at Haarlem, 1664. Oil on canvas * This piece captures the details of each sitter and their cultural characteristics. * The women seem to have different emotions all around, from complete disinterest to concern of their environment. * The monochromatic theme of this painting further adds to the paint ings restraint.Rembrandt Van Rijn, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632. Oil on canvas * The students individual faces tell us each has different feelings and thoughtsabout the man being dissected. * Van Rijn diagonally placed the body to break away from the harsh horizontal orientation found in traditional paintings. * Rembrandt chose to have the students all on the left side to highlight Dr. Tulp and the body.

Care Delivery & Management Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to reflect upon my ain and original generatement. It exit consider the quality of the wield I offerd, the skills I highly-developed in my specialist localization, plus my schooling since the commencement of my nurse training. ad hominem cultivation and self-importance-reflection go out be identified. I sh wholly(prenominal) be apply Gibbs (1988) brooding Cycle to consider my coiffe. Gibbs (1988) brooding Cycle looks at six aspects which accommodate the fol busteding what happened, what were my public opinions and chanceings, what was good enough or bad approximately the ingest, what sand privy I make out of the bulge outicular, what else could I commence d star and if it arose over once over again what would I do? Findings entrust be support or contrasted by relevant literature. A conclusion leave alone be offered to evaluate pass offings. I shall besides admit an action plan, which will woo prox captain and pe r male childal development pauperisations and all factors that whitethorn tending or hinder this. I will also consider why I fuck off selected these issues for my action plan, what my refinements ar and how I aim to hit them.At the beginning of my nurse training we were asked to write on a spot of piece what our definition of financial aid for was. I wrote Its close to creation human. At the time these words were ground on my catgut purport and per newsal belief. Now, two and a fractional historic period later, I would write the same thing, plainly this time my definition would be based on the skills, knowledge and pay backs I odour privileged and grateful to conf go for had during my training and non just on gut feeling and individualised belief. How does this knowledge impact on me in terms of practice? I raft now put my definition of administer for into a frame recreate and relate the theory of it to practice, for showcase I trick come in when I am ac tively undertaking solicitude management with a forbearing. This is quite a an achievement for me.What else grow I learnt? I cave in gained knowledge of illnesses and infer how bio-psycho-social aspects of cordial illness impact on the individual, their family and their life. I bind also developed a good grassroots knowledge of pragmatical skills much(prenominal)(prenominal) as counselling, worry management, assessment, nursing and communion models, fuss- resolving power and psychotherapy. This knowledge and development of practical skills has encap opend my self confidence and self esteem to grow.What things get to had the most curve on my personal and professional learning? These things are what Its about being human means to me as a nurse. They include a humanistic awe philosophy. Evidence suggests that perseverings take hold found the humanistic explosive charge philosophy to be po vexive and religious serviceful to their well-being (Beech, Norman 1995.) h umanistic sustenance believes in developing trust, the nurse- uncomplaining relationship, using the self as a healing(predicate) tool, expending time to be with and do with the patient role of of (Hanson 2000,) patient empowerment, the patient as an equal initiateners in their guardianship (De personament Of wellness 1999,) appraise for the patients uniqueness, information of the patient as an expert on themselves (Nelson-J unitys 1982, Playle 1995, Horsfall 1997). Equally important to me is person- marrowd fretting, Rogers (1961) unconditional authoritative regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy, recognition of antipathetical-transference, self-reflection and self- apprisedness.I was on stead with Liaison Psychiatry also cognize as Deliberate Self Harm. The team consisted of my mentor and myself. In this placement we would assess patients who had deliberately self harmed. Patients would be referred via A&E only. We would make up ones mind patients whilst they were becalm in A&E or after they had been transferred to hospital wards for medical treatment for their injuries etc. We would only see patients once they were medically fit to have a psychiatric assessment.The purpose of the assessment was to find out what was happening for the individual and see if we could offer any serve via mental health services to the individual, this is through with(p) via implementing APIE the nursing military operation (Hargreaves 1975). The master(prenominal) focus was to consider what degree of danger we matte up the patient was in. therefore we required to establish what the individuals intent was at the time of the deliberate self harm, and if suicidal, whether they still had suicidal intent after the incident. We also held a weekly counselling clinic.I considered Gibbs (1988) reflective Cycle. How did I feel about this placement? At first I was apprehensive as to how I would feel dealing with patients who do non necessarily want to live. I break to a profession that saves lives, so I felt an inner conflict. This is an anxiety that is treasure in most nurses (Whitworth 1984). In my first a few(prenominal) weeks I felt tribulationed by the traumatic regularts that these patients were experiencing. I felt shamefaced that I have a family who love me, a fulfilling career, a engaging home and no debts, then each day I dialogue to people who may have no home, no money, no one to love them and no employment. It was hard for me to make sense of these things when life circumstances, such as class, status, wealth, education and employment create unfairness. I felt a desire to help try and improve the quality of these patients positionings. Midence (1996) has identified that these feelings are a normal response when dealing with others less fortunate that ourselves.Patients who attempt suicide have lost hope (Beck 1986). I felt much settled and positive once I was able to make sense of the situation (Gibbs 1988). I realized that could help by perceive to these patients and help to restore hope, develop problem solving ideas to equipage more or less of their problems or referring them to gain the emotional help and support they strikeed from appropriate mental health services. Patients find help with problem solving exceedingly valuable and can help them feel able to bang (McLaughlin 1999). publicly, after most assessments, I learnt that listen, giving emotional support and problem solving helped restore enough hope in the previously suicidal patient enable them to feel safe from future self harm. In only a softwoodful of cases did my mentor and I fatality to take aim patients to any inpatient facility under the amiable Health bring (1983). This was beca implement they still felt at stake of future self-harm.Through using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to consider my special placement area I feel I have been able to change my nursing practice in a positive track, initially from f eeling anxious, guilty and lost when dealing with suicidal patients to feeling mapful, constructive and positive. Ive learnt that by confronting my induce feelings of guilt and discomfort I was able to help in a precise positive, practical, constructive and empowering way. My mentor identified that one of my strengths is that I can generally combine common sense, logic and practicality in terms of risk assessment and problem solving and still build up a sensitive and caring, therapeutic relationship when dealing with patients whose circumstances are in crisis and complicated and they themselves are emotionally and mentally unguarded. sustains not only need good communication skills (Faulkner 1998) but they also need to have an purlieu conductive to open communication (Wilkinson 1992). Social barriers such as environment, social organisation or ethnical aspects of healthcare can inhi point the performance of communication skills (Chambers 2002) Utilising Gibbs (19988) Reflecti ve form, in retrospect I feel our inter bet with both(prenominal) patients could have been done differently. On occasions when my mentor and I were in the A & E department the two rooms that we had available for our use were occasionally two in use. This meant that we would conduct our assessment interviews in the daub Room, if it was empty. This room was where medical patients would have plaster-casts applied. This was a very clinical room.However, due(p)(p) to limited room avail mightiness this was sometimes the only option we had at the time, it was not a welcoming or appropriate setting and would not have helped patients feel relaxed or valued. In reflection, I believe it was rattling demeaning as we were asking patients who had attempted suicide to sit on a hard chair in a clinical workroom and bundle their despair with us. I am sad that this happened and I feel as though we were giving the patients the impression that a cold clinical work room is all they were worth. If this arose again (Gibbs 1988) I would suggest to my mentor that we forbear for one of our allocated rooms to become available, where the rooms were relaxing, with soft armchairs and a feeling of comfort.Using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model I shall describe a situation with a patient to highlight my learning. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Neil had been bought to A&E by his son after he make an attempt to take his down life. His son explained that Neils wife had terminal cancer and had died the day before. Neil was unable to control in conversation other that to repeat over and over again I dont want to live without my wife. However the more disturbed and difficult to communicate a patient is the less interaction they receive therapeutic or otherwise from nursing staff (Cormack 1976, Poole, Sanson-Fisher, Thompson 1981, Robinson 1996a, 1996b). I found this too be true in Neils situation as some A & E nurses did not handle to get a longsighted him because of his disturbed state and unresponsiveness to verbal cues.What were my thoughts and feeling (Gibbs 1988)? After spending twenty minutes in the assessment interview Neil had remained unresponsive to our approaches and had remained distressed, foreign and uncommunicative for the entire time. I had past experience of recent tribulation within my immediate family and I realised that counter-transference was at play and was a reason for my impregnable emotional reaction to Neils distress resulting in me having an overwhelming desire to ease his suffering. Even though another part of me understood the need for him to experience this extreme pain as a normal part of grieving.What was good or bad about the experience (Gibbs 1988)? This was not a good experience for me because as a benevolent person, I found it extremely hard to suppress my have feelings of missing to protect him from such devastating distress, although I key outd that I was over-identifying with him due to my own trouble. I considered that he might have been embarrassed by the emotional state he was in and his inability to control his grief he could not speak, maintain eye contact or even up materially stand.What sense could I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? We adjourned for a few minutes so that my mentor and I could assess the situation. I thought it might be appropriate to employ champions six Category Intervention Analysis (1975) healthful intervention as a therapeutic strategy to enable the patient to release emotional accent such as grief, anger, despair and anxiety by constituent to (Chambers 1990). I hoped it would facilitate the opportunity for Neil to open up and express his full feelings in a safe and supportive environment. I initially planned to sit quietly with him and briefly put a reassuring hand on either his hand, arm or shoulder. My mentor support this action.I was aware that I ran a risk of misinterpretation by choosing therapeutic touch. redress touch may be criticised because it i s open to misinterpretation by the patient and abuse of power by staff. The patient may view retention anothers hand as a sexual advance, entrancement or abuse, so nurses should always consider patient consent, appropriateness, context and boundaries. article 2.4 of the nurse and Midwifery Council (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct says that at all times healthcare professionals must maintain appropriate boundaries with patients and all aspects of care must be relevant to their needs.Therapeutic touch appeared acceptable inclined his situation and seemed appropriate to the context it would be performed in, inclined that my mentor would supervise me. As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle I considered what else I could have done especially if the situation arose again and mentor not been there. I would may have chosen to utilise Hansons (2000) approach of being with whereby I use therapeutic use of self through the sharing of ones own presence, and not involved any form of touch , avoiding any misinterpretation or breach of boundaries.I was anxious because I felt concerned that my nursing skills would be inadequate to address his needs due to his acutely distressed state. In reflection my mentor helped me acknowledge that this was about my own anxiety rather than being accurately reflective of my nursing ability. I approached Neil and explained that if it was acceptable with him I would wish well to sit quietly with him so that he was not alone in his distress. It is likely that the nursing attend is therapeutic when nurse and patient can come to know and to wish each other, as persons who are alike and yet different, as persons who share in the solution of problems (Peplau 1988). I gently placed my hand onto his. Neil reacted by given the impression that he physically disintegrated, he become extremely distressed and crying loudly, squeezing my hand tightly.This progressd for several minutes. Neil became calmer and started to give tongue to about his situation. This was a good outcome. I was able to utilise Herons (1975) cathartic strategy with positive effect via empathising with Neils situation and using myself as a therapeutic tool through the use of touch, thus change Neil to express his emotions and activate a nurse-patient relationship. Studies have shown that nurses can express pardon and empathy through touch, using themselves as a therapeutic tool (Routasalo 1999, Scholes 1996) and this has a cathartic value, enabling the patient to express their feelings more easily (Leslie Baillie 1996).The therapeutic value of non-verbal communication and its harmfulness is overlooked (Salvage 1990). Attitudes are evident in the way we interact with others and can create atmospheres that make patient care uncomfortable (Hinchcliff, Norman, Schoeber 1998) On one occasion, one nurse privately referred to Neil as a wimp because he was having difficulty coping with the death of his wife. I wondered whether her proboscis language had t ransmitted her bad attitude towards Neil, contributing to his distress and difficulties in communicating with staff.Again using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I shall go out another example to highlight my learning in practice. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Cycle On one occasion my mentor and I received a cry call from A & E asking us to review an 18-year-old lady friend called Emma who had taken an overdose. They said she was medically fit to be assessed. When we arrived they claimed that she was pretending to still feel unwell and described her as milking it. We found her to be egest and discovered she had been left in a bed in the corridor of A & E for 8 hours. McAllister (2001) found that patients who had self-harmed were ignored, had exceptionally long waits and suffered judgemental comments.What were my thoughts and feelings (Gibbs 1988)? I felt very angry towards A & E staff as I felt that she was being unfairly treated because she had caused harm to herself, she had been l abelled as a troublemaker by staff and I do not believe she had received good quality care. Emma explained that in the last month her father had died, she had miscarried her baby, discovered that her partner was having an affair, and she had been make redundant leaving her with debts that she couldnt pay. As I looked at her, I saw a vulnerable young woman at the end of her tether. I felt saddened and let down by the judgemental attitudes of the A & E staff who had not even taken the time to talk to Emma or ask her why she had taken an overdose, kind of they describe her as an immature and tending want kid.As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I felt this was a very bad experience of poor care, bad attitudes and unacceptable moral judgement being made by A & E staff. Cohen (1996) and Nettleton (1995) identify that social status age, gender, accelerate and class contribute to stereotyping and judgemental attitudes. I noticed that people who self-harmed were judged differently u nfree upon their age and the younger they were the worse the attitude of A and E staff. interestingly ageism towards youth is an area that I could find no research on. I believe ageism towards younger people is overlooked and is actually only identified in the elderly.During the assessment I was aware of how my physical presence can impact on the care given. However, I have learnt about the importance of considering how one can communicate to the patient via body language. By attending to patients in a non-verbal or physical way it is another method of saying, Im interested, Im listening and I care. To do this during Emmas assessment I utilised Egans (1982) acronym S.O.L.A.R. This meant that I sat facing Emma Squa imprecate, with an Open posture, Leaning towards her, whilst making oculus contact and Relaxing myself, to give her the feeling of my willingness to help. This client centred care recognises her equivalence in the nurse-patient relationship.What sense did I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? I was very unhappy about the attitude of A & E staff but recognised that they had a lack of understanding and knowledge. In one body of work looking at self-harm admissions it was discovered that patients who deliberately self-harm are often deemed as unpopular patients, being labelled and judged as time wasters by A & E staff. Apparently 55% of general nurses perceived these patients as attention seekers and disliked working with them, 64% found it frustrating, 20% found it get down and almost a third found it uncomfortable (Sidley, Renton 1996).What else could I have done (Gibbs 1988) After reflecting upon the experience with my mentor, I was able to realise that part of my fictitious character is to act as a re establishative for mental health. If this happened again what would I do (Gibbs 1988)? If staff were to make judgemental comments again it is part of my role to educate and inform them so they can have a positive understanding of the needs of t he mental health patient and learn to address any judgemental comments made. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997), who says that if we are made aware of our actions when we are judging and labelling people it is our responsibility to correct this. medical checkup staff need to be aware of mental health promotion, and need further training and education in respects of helping to care for and understand of this vulnerable patient group (Hawton 2000). This is a view supported by the Department of Health (DOH 1999a) who have recommended closer liaison among mental health and A & E services in an motion to address the poor understanding and negative attitudes of A & E staff. I have also learnt that I must look at both sides of each situation and should show more understanding towards the A & E staffs feelings, as they are often confronted with shocking and no-account acts of self infliction which can make them feel despair, helpless and artless to deal with these sort of pati ent.I believe nurses negative attitudes develop because we all intuitively apply own our set and views to everyday situations, people, experiences and interactions. It may be the staff members own coping mechanism to preclude their distance from the patient or to label them as attention seeking in order to make sense of the situation for themselves. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997).In reflection, following the assessment and planning of care for Emma my mentor and I reflected upon the care I provided for her. I recognised that I felt nervous because it was my first experience of conducting an assessment. Having my mentor there to expose me made me feel secure because I trusted my mentor and could rely on her expertise to ensure that I provided safe practice for Emma. However, I still felt anxious as I was faced with an unexplored situation. This made me realise how difficult and intimidating the assessment process may have felt to Emma. I had the security of feeling safe in the relationship with my mentor. Emma didnt know either of us. This highlighted the huge value of the nurse-patient relationship and how the importance of utilising Rogers (1961) theory of client-centred care involving unconditional positive regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy towards patients.My mentor said that I provided certify based care and I appeared to have a good humanistic approach, sensitively providing client centred care. She joked that I was so keen to get it right that I was practically sat on Emmas knee in my efforts to non-verbally show to Emma that I was attentive and listening to her. I recover that whilst this was a joke, I will endeavour to go to be keen but will relax a bit more, hopefully as I gain more experience myself. I will also use the shrewdness and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practise and the care I provide for patients.Boyd & Fales (1983) suggest, Reflective learning is the process of internally examining an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective. Self-reflection helps the practitioner find practice-based answers to problems that require more than the application of theory (Schon 1983). I have discovered this to be true, especially in mental health nursing where problem solving may be in the realm of religious, apparitional or cultural beliefs, emotional or intuitive feelings, ethics and moral ideals, which sometimes cannot be theorised.With one patient I couldnt understand his unwillingness to engage in therapy even though he turned up for a weekly appointment. erstwhile I reflected on this with my mentor I realised that I was not considering his strict religious and cultural background, which complicated his care. I realised that I had been completely ignorant of his needs and had in-fact lacked consciousness otherwise I would have recognised these issues sooner. Ac cording to Kemmis (1995) a benefit of self-reflection is that it helps practitioners become aware of their unawareness.I have learnt that there are barriers to reflection. On occasions after eyesight a patient my mentor may interpret events in a slightly different way to myself. overboldell (1992) and Jones (1995) criticize the idea of reflection sway that it is a flawed process due to inaccurate recall reposition and hindsight bias. Another criticism of refection is that it aims to theorise actions in hindsight therefore devaluing the skill of responding intuitively to a patient (Richardson 1995). I considered that my thought to hold Neils hand may have been intuitive but because we must use evidence based practice and appropriate frameworks of care, I theorised my care and utilised Herons (1975) framework.I believe self-reflection helps me to become self-aware. Self-awareness is achieved when the student acknowledges there own personal characteristics, including values, attitu des, prejudices, beliefs, assumptions, feelings, counter-transferences, personal motives and needs, competencies, skills and limitations. When they become aware of these things and the impact they have on the therapeutic communication and relationship with the patient then they become self-aware (Cook 1999). I have learnt through these experiences that reflection can be a painful experience as I have recognised my own imperfections and bias. I have felt angry with general nursing staffs attitudes towards mental health patients and have now been able to realise that this emotion is uncooperative and instead I should be more tolerant and understanding and help them to understand the patients needs. It is also difficult especially if one is experiencing strong emotions such as anger, frustration and grief (Rich 1995).At times I have over-identified with my patients and personalised their situation to similar situations of my own. This is known as counter-transference and has blinded m y ability to address their care needs. Counter-transference is the healthcare professionals emotional reaction to the patient, it is constantly present in every interaction and it strongly influences the therapeutic relationship, but is often not reflected upon (Slipp 2000). Counter-transference can be defined as negative as it can create disruptive feelings in the clinician, causing misguided values and bias (Pearson 2001).I have learnt that it is crucial for me to consider how my reactions to a patients problem can impact on the care I provide. Whilst I endeavour to always give 100% best and indifferent(p) care to each patient, I have realised I respond more favourably to patients that I like or identify with. For example I was extremely compassionate and biased towards both Emma and Neil and I feel that my personal life experiences influenced me because I could really empathise with them both. However, I realised that I am only human and that as long as I recognise the impact of counter-transference then I can use it positively as my self awareness of the fact that the process is occurring will enable me to address and gainsay my own thoughts, feelings and responses.To conclude, I have been able to highlight my learning over the last two and a half years, both personally and professionally. This has enabled me to look at the areas that I am good at and the areas that I can improve on. I have been able to look at the quality of the care I have given patients and considered what I have achieved, how I felt, how I could have done things better, what was self-made and unsuccessful, what issues influenced me and what understanding I had of the experience. I have also been able to recognise my role as a representative for mental health nursing and how I can promote it to other healthcare professionals. I have also identified the value of the role of my mentor in helping me to develop as a nurse. I will use the insight and understanding from these experiences t o benefit my future practice and the care I provide for patients.ACTION PLANWord Count 1086What are my goals?My mentor and I discussed the areas that I want to improve on. We identified that my stronger points are common sense, ratiocinative approach and practical ability in terms of things like risk assessing and problem solving. I am also competent in the expression of a therapeutic relationship, utilising a humanistic care philosophy, person centre approach, empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard and honest. I also have a good knowledge in respect of mental health promotion, anxiety management, basic counselling skills, understanding of the fundamentals associated with nursing, assessment and communication models and the basic principles of psychotherapy. I feel I have come a long way in two and a half years and have accomplished a lot.However, there are areas that I recognise that I can improve on and I am happy that I can address these as I hope this will improve my learning, skills and competency as a nurse in the future, providing better patient care. The areas I need to gain more knowledge and experience of include understanding the religious, cultural and spiritual needs of the patient and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, recognising and working with counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients as this does not help the patient to utilise extract, be responsible for themselves or empower themselves. I want to continue developing my own self awareness through self reflection. last I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more knowledge.Why have I chosen these issues?I have chosen to improve my knowledge and understanding of patients religious, cultural and spiritual needs and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, because by doing this I hope to be able to address their needs holistically. To successfully adopt a thorough assessment th e healthcare practitioner needs to identify the holistic needs of the patient, failure to do so would neglect the patients physical, psycho-social and spiritual needs (Stuart and Sundeen 1997.) At present I feel I am unable to fully comprehend or provide best care as I feel I lack the skills and knowledge to do so.I also wish to further consider the impact of counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients. I feel that if I gain more understanding and recognition of how counter-transference can change my reaction to a patient then I will be able to address it and have more control and choice over my nursing and my responses. In practice, I have experienced strong emotional reactions to some patients, perhaps because I could identify with some of their issues. However, this can result in my wanting to over protect them, which may disempower them, and this is unhelpful. Different characteristic in patients can influence the emotional reaction of the nurs e (Holmquist 1998). I need to be able to recognise these characteristics in the patient and be self aware of the way I am responding.I want to continue developing my own self-awareness through self-reflection, as I will need to be able to exercise independent and expert judgement as a qualified nurse. The ability to use self-reflection as a learning tool to becoming self-aware will help me achieve this. This is a view supported by (Wong 1995). Boud, Keogh & go-cart (1995) believe self reflection is an important human activity, essential for personal development as well as for the professional development of the nurse. By being able to mull over my experiences will help me challenge my beliefs and behaviour as an individual and a nurse. Finally I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more nursing knowledge. suffer alone is not the key to learning (Boud et al 1985). I wish to gain further qualifications so that I may further my career and knowled ge, as this will provide a sense of achievement and fulfilment for me.How am I going to achieve my goals?I intend to develop my portfolio and keep an open reflective diary (Richardson 1995) to show evidence of my learning and prepare for my PREPP. Portfolios are seen as a collection of information and evidence used to summarize what has been learnt from prior experience and opportunities (Knapp 1975), and acknowledges professional and personal development, knowledge and competence, providing nurses with evidence of their eligibility for re-registration every three years (NMC 2002). I believe maintaining my portfolio helps with ones self-assessment and will help me to develop my strengths, plus identify and critically evaluate my weaker areas, this is a view supported by Garside (1990).However in contrast Miller & Daloz (1989) suggest there is no evidence to suggest that self assessment contributes to enhance self awareness. A barrier to ones ability to self-reflect may be time cons traints and socio-economic factors such as high staff and management turnover, low staff morale and staff illness (Bailey 1995) I hope to flood out this by being a supportive team member to my colleagues and maintaining a positive mental attitude. I am happy to work on my portfolio and diary in my own time as I think it is a valuable learning tool.I will use my preceptorship, learning in practice, observation in practice and clinical surveillance to help achieve my goals. Reflection on action is considered to be an essential part of clinical supervision (Scanlon & Weir 1997). I will continue to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model to help me develop my learning through reflection.I will need to feel confident that by sharing my portfolio, diary, reflection or seeking advice via preceptorship and supervision that this will not reflect negatively on me and effect my ability to feel able to trust my mentor. Students and staff sometimes feel unable to fully express themselves or belittle d by the power relationship if supervision is not in a bank relationship feeling it could be open to bias, personality clashes, counter-transference or could blemish them in terms of career development (Richardson 1995 Jones 2001). However, good clinical supervision enables nurses to feel better supported, contributing to safer and more effective nursing (Teasdale 2001, Jones A 2001).I hope to continue with life long learning and would like to be able to study for a degree in nursing. I shall do this by apply for funding once I am employed and hope that whoever my employers are they will support me in my goal to become better qualified.ReferencesBailey J (1995) Reflective example, Implementing Theory, nursing Standard, Vol 9 (46) 29-31Baillie, L (1996) A Phenomenological guinea pig Of The Nature Of Empathy, daybook Of locomote treat, 24,6, 1300-1308Beck A T (1986) Hopelessness As A Predictor OF Eventual Suicide, Annals Of The New York Academy Of Science, Vol 487, 90-96Beech P, Norman I (1995) Patients Perceptions Of The Quality Of psychiatrical care for Care Findings From A Small Scale Descriptive Study, diary Of clinical nurse, 4, 117-123Boud D, Keogh R, Walker D (1985) Reflection Turning Experience Into Learning, London, Kogan Page,Boyd E M, Fales A W (1983) Reflective Learning Key To Learning From Experience, journal OF humanist Psychology Vol 23 (2) 99-117Chambers M, psychiatric and psychic Health Nursing Learning In The clinical Environment , Cited in Reynolds 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783-788Kemmis S (1985) Action Research And The politics Of Reflection, In Edwards M (1996) Patient-Nurse Relationships Using reflective Practice, Nursing Standard, Vol 10 (25) 40-43Knapp J (1975) A Guide To Assessing Prior experience Through Portfolios, Education scrutiny Service, Cooperative Assessment Of Experiential Learning,Princeton, New JerseyMcallister M (2001) dissociative Identity Disorder And The Nurse Patient Relationship In The Acute Care Setting An Action Research Project, Aus tralian And New Zealand Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, Vol 10, 20-32McLaughlin C (1999) An Exploration Of Psychiatric Nurses And Patients Opinions regarding In-Patient Care For dangerous patients, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 29 (5) 1042-1051The Mental Health Act, (1983) Department Of Health, London, HMSOMidence K, Gregory S, Stanley R (1996) The Effects Of Patient Suicide On Nursing Staff, Journal Of Clinical Nursing, Vol 5, 115-120Miller M, Daloz L (1989) Assessment Of Prior Learning, Good 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Creativity Makes Advertising Effective Essay

This essay aims at exploring the impact of originativeness in advert and how seminal advertisements ar much effective in communicating to a target audience. It looks at how creative ads corroborate more(prenominal) impact and how consumers act when the meaning is delivered in a eccentric and clean way. It particularly focuses on the value that a creative ad end imply for a strike out or a crossway and how it can contribute to beef up corporate steel word picture. How a creative ad can realise consumer cross loyalty and change his or her lookout towards the firm and spike stain loyalty.The first part of essay talks approximately creative thinking in advertising. What is creativeness in advertising and how does it impact the corporation and how it impacts a consumer. The second part of the essay deals with the practicement strategies that different corporations employ in making a creative mercenary. the different shape upes and marketing strategies employed with the silver available . We besides try and understand if it is justified if the clients need to invest their resources and faith in the creation of a Big Idea .Does a creative ad guarantee success of a harvest-tide and how it affects gross sales of a fruit or brand. Lastly the negative implications of creative thinking in advertising as to how it sometimes can be misinterpreted and mis communicated. Creativity in advertising In the advertising industry, the use of creative thinking is to define a solution to a problem, being new and relevant with your thinkers. It is a neb to develop a center which will influence the attitudes and behavior in a cogent or imaginative way (Bell J, International journal of Advertising 1992).Creativity in advertising makes advertising more respectable to a consumer. It is a more approachable mode of getting the message across to the consumer. On a day to day basis the consumer is bombarded with converse messages throughout the day. Most of the advertising gets filtered out or ignored as they do non communicate the message in a persuasive manner. Its mainly happens when the advertising is mainly utilise as a dig to educate the consumer about the harvest-tide. An audio or visual form of media is used to explain about the product, the product features and promotions.When the advertising is non presented in a exciting form to the consumer it is obvious that the consumer will not be frenetic about the product. This leads to a stagnation of commercials as some of them deliver the equivalent message for interchangeable products and that ends up being presented as a jam effect to the viewer. Impact of creativity Communicating in a unique message, is virtually impossible, as markets are crowded with the similar products therefore slaying and use of creativity become powerful marketing signals.As more or less brands in a product line would impart similar characteristics and product features it becomes very import ant to present the brand in a new and different manner. Creativity makes advertising more powerful thats results in immediate effects on brand perceptions (Dahlen M , Rosengren S and bust F, Journal of Advertising Research 2008) . fanciful advertising makes the brand more interesting and exciting, which enhances the consumers perceptions of brand quality (Stockholm School of Economics, Dahlen M , Rosengren S and separate F, Journal of Advertising Research 2008).It can be argued that creativity differs from person to person and depends on , the individuals lifestyle , mentality and perceptions . Therefore for a commercial to be creative it has to firstly be original or wise and the second fact is that creativity has to be multifaceted The degree of creativity that is expressed in the ad builds the image of the brand in the minds of the consumer (Koslow S , Sasser S , Riordan E , Perceptions in Advertising Agencies , 2003 ) .Often the most intriguing and controversial commercial s can catch the attention of the consumer and makes the consumer inquisitive about the product or the service and would be influenced by the social critique to fancy the brand . Unless the commercial has a unique presentation the consumer will not invest time in completing the commercial. The visual representation of the brand in a advertisement expresses one form of emotion by which consumer is influenced pre purchase and can associate with the brand post purchase .It builds brand equity among consumers which bequeaths a physiological value to customers by enhancing their interpretation about the product and influences future purchase decisions and satisfaction . Creative advertising campaigns provide international brands to sustain market strength and internationality. Creative ads give vagary and substance to the product. Often there is a tug of war in the midst of the clients and creatives with the use of creativity in a commercial. As clients make great investments for a c ampaign they expect the commercials to be educative and persuasive.As there is no real form or method of measuring the degree of creativity or the impact of creativity most clients which have limited budgets set for a campaign do not expect the agency to make a creative and innovative ad(Charnock W, The dismiss of Think Global, Act Local Big Ideas Are Global , 2007) . As not all corporations or brands can afford to make huge investments in advertising by constantly using media forms to build brand retention and awareness among their consumers therefore it is springy that there is line emaciated as to what kind of creativity sells and what does not .As the flipside of an creative ad is that it whitethorn not make any sense to the consumer. The commercial may not have a connection between the creative idea and the utility and features of the product. A international master brand like setback cola had a annual budget of $2. 6 billion in the year 2006 (Coke-Cola Company ,2010) . The y have the liberty to bombard consumers with commercials to sustain brand retention and loyalty throughout the year whereas the same cannot be verbalise for a smaller organization which would have a limited budget for marketing and advertising purposes.Smaller agencies who work with clients with limited budgets or clients that are under the radar are the ones who can work on creative ideas as taking risks is acceptable when compared to other competitors in the market . They have a need to influence the consumer in build apperception about the product or service.Creativity can also become unfashionable when the conviction on novelty and originality at the expense of relevance makes the advertisement unsafe to perceptual filtering of the message, which may actually reduce effectiveness (Bottomley P , heathland R , Nairn A, How Effective is Creativity?Emotive Content in TV Advertising Does Not Increase Attention, 2009 ) . Especially for international campaign creativity has to be r estrained and controlled as different regions with different cultural and phantasmal backgrounds may not interpret the message in a similar way . As advertising plays with peoples emotions and perceptions, advertisers must be very shrude not to hurt the sentiments of the consumer. Also at times the creative team in a advertising agency tries to be in addition clever by making commercials where the message and connection towards the product is each irrelevant or makes no sense at all.This can have a negative impact on the brand and the corporate image of the organization. Conclusion Creativity does not ensure the success of the product in terms of sales and neither does it add any value to the product. besides creativity is a powerful tool to entice consumers and mould a positive attitude and mentality towards a brand or a service. Very often its not the message, but the way that the message is delivered makes a lasting impact on the viewer which affects his perceptions and belie fs towards the Brand.From an agencys location creativity is advertising is beneficial to both the client and the consumer . Creative advertising helps build brand loyalty , a positive perspective in the minds of the consumer towards the organization . Creativity enhances the utility and value of a product in the eyes of a consumer. Most creative commercials influence the consumers mentality to make emotional responses compared to a rational approach when evaluating a product. This is vital for any brand to grow, sustain itself for a period of time and also influence new target audiences.Not too many clients approach ad agencies with a open mind about the use of creativity in advertising. The more the use of creativity in advertising the more value we get as advertising professionals. The more the use of creativity in commercial the better the results in adding value to the product and building a brand . Creativity gives product a brand image, a sense of uniqueness. The choice offer ed to consumers in terms of brands for a product is undated therefore it is essential that your brand or product stands apart from the competition. This can only be achieved by using creativity in advertising.

Analysis of Social Movements in the Egyptian Revolution

The Egyptian regeneration can undoubtedly be considered one of the momentous events of the 2011. However, even after three months since the 18-day revolution, hatful are still otiose to determine whether or not this revolution will bring or so positive amends to Egyptian b exclusively club. Having said that, the Egyptian Revolution has shown to be a convenience to legion(predicate) sociologists, as it offers a promising field study on affable movements. Throughout this three-month revolution aftermath, it has become wee that the January 25th Revolution has brought virtually symptoms of virtually all sorts of social movements.In the typical sociological perspective, social movements are collective efforts to bring about social or political change. Characteristics of a social movement accommodate it being goal-oriented, having a unified ideology, and having an organized, sometimes bureaucratic, system. Social movements can be characterized by the fictitious character of c hange they promote. There are six study types of social movements expressive social movements, progressive social movements, resistant social movements, reformative social movements, basal social movements, and u slide byian social movements.expressive social movements attempt to change individuals, rather then directly severe to change institutions or police forces. Evangelical groups and Alcoholic Anonymous groups offer examples. Members of such(prenominal) movements believe that because institutions are people- fixd, they can only be changed by changes in people. Progressive social movements attempt to improve society by make positive changes in institutions and organizations. The Labor Movement and Civil Rights Movement play progressive social movements.Resistance movements, rather than advocating change, seek to hold it cover version and keep the status quo. For instance, an example of this type of movement is the anti-gun control movement. reformatory social movements attempt to make a major change to some aspect of society or politics in general. For instance, efforts to end the finis penalty, or efforts to apply gun control in a society are considered reformative social movements. Revolutionary social movements advocate a radical shift in the fundamental structure or practise of a society.Such types of social movements die hard to involve violence. Almost all revolutionary social movements arise when a specific segment of the state is strongly oppressed or generally dissatisfied with the society they inhabit. Examples of revolutionary social movements include the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution. The last type of social movement is the utopian social movement. Such movements seek to create an ideal social environment from an image of a perfect society. They go to reject violence as a method to gain its goal.Examples of such revolutions include Gandhis Peaceful Revolution and the counterculture movem ent in the fall in States in the 1960s and 1970s. First and foremost, the Egyptian Revolution, according to its name, can manifestly be categorized under a revolutionary social movement. During the 18-day uprising, people, people assembled in the now distinguished, Tahrir Square, for a simple, yet drastic agenda. They called for the sufferance of the death chair as well as his staff, substantial amendments to the constitution, and a promise for a democratic nation that grants its people their human rights.The protestors remained devoted to their aims until they ultimately had them fulfilled. The point the protestors agenda was realized makes the January 25th incident a revolution and not a revolt. Further much, unlike in reformative social movements, participants of the Egyptian Revolution called for drastic change in the ruling system. Reformative social movements tend attempt to gain rights and protection for some segment of society without ever-changing other aspects. The Egyptian Revolution brought forth a change to the intact system.Furthermore, among the participants of the Egyptian Revolution, there were undoubtedly protestors that exemplified the symptoms of a utopian social movement. Evidently, some of the protestors zestfully chanted Selmeya Selmeya (Arabic roughly meaning, Remain peaceful ). Despite the eventual violence and chaos that emerged in streets all around Egypt, there is fitted evidence to prove that many protestors did in fact call for non-violent demonstration. after(prenominal) the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, symptoms of other social movements began appearing.For instance, having had their nationalist spirit replenished, many citizens took part in expressive social movements to better themselves and abide more strictly to their moral codes. Such campaigns can easily be observed by watching the television, as there have been many advertisements branch line Egyptians to take better care of their nation. Additiona lly, progressive movements sporadically appeared after the resignation of the 83 year-old President. After the ouster of the President, minority groups in the population, such as the Copts, began calling for better treatment by the government.Also, groups that were previously subjugated by the government, specifically Islamist groups, began appealing for the Islamic amendments they asked for before. Such groups finally came up with more stringent demands, that their progressive movements became reformative movements. For instance, the Copts who protested at the States Maspiro mental synthesis initially called for better conduct towards Coptic Christians in Egypt, however they eventually began calling for the change in the article of the constitution that states that Egyptian law is mostly derived from Islamic Shariaa Law.Ultimately, it is without a shadow of a doubt that the Egyptian January 25th revolution brought about the trend of desiring change. Hence, Egypt is unremarkably seeing all sorts of social movements nowadays. Having said that, although the change-urging groups in Egypt all make to have the good of the country as their top priority, it must be acknowledged that a large number of these groups of conflicting ideologies. On top of that, many participants of these social movements derive their ideologies from religion, and thus this makes the matter delicate.Throughout the noncurrent few months, Egypt has seen a number of incidents involving sectarian strife. Such incidents gave a exemplar signal to what this revolution may very well calculate to. The enquire to ask now is will Egypt remain 2eed wahda (Arabic for one hand) as they fervently chanted during the 18-day uprising, or will contradictions in ideologies and demands for change lead to a theological strife within Egypt.

Non Verbal Communication Essay

Non Verbal conversation is the process of communicating without run-in. Non Verbal Communication refers to the messages enrapture through gestures, affection spot, facial expressions, and posture. We send many more non verbal messages than verbal messages. It is estimated that 50 to 90 percent of messages are non verbal.Non Verbal Communication has few rules and often occurs unconsciously, for instance while speaking we whitethorn dribble our arms around while listening a sudden br to each one may result in a sharp intake of breath. such(prenominal) non verbal signals add impact to a meaning, and they combine to provide an newsflash impression in a way that written communication or telephone calls back end non. Actions of this sort are an important part of the communication process. We moldiness be aware of the non verbal messages we send at all times. regardless use of the non verbal messages can send the wrong message. When listening to someone, respect his or her non ve rbal signals carefully and try to interpret them correctly.Messages communicated by diametrical types of non verbal communication are listed belowGesturesGestures can both equilibrate and contradict other forms of communication. For example, when one someone tells another to minute leave while pointing right, the gesture contradicts the spoken words. If a person both says to turn right and points right, the gesture complements the words. The gestures that we see in everyday business communication include a wide range of hand and arm movements. When examined in context, they may have specific meaningsBaton-like pointing movements of the hands and arms punctuate words and may communicate control.Finger wagging and arms crossed over the breast may be signs of disagreement.A hand or finger covering the mouth may indicate that the speaker is holding something linchpin or is too embarrassed or reluctant to speak.Hands on the hips with thumbs back communicate toughness and a reluct ance to back down.Counting withdraw on fingers may be a sign of clear opinion and logic.Although gestures can be used deliberately to communicate honesty, self- confidence, straightforwardness and control, virtually are used unconsciously. nerve ContactWhen people look directly into each others eyes, they make eye march. Eyes can send messages as well as receive information. Indeed, eye contact can be the most powerful form of Non Verbal Communication. In business, as in personal relationships, eye contact sends different messages. Purposefully facial expression at someone is a signal of recognition. Direct eye contact tells a job applicant that we are interested in encyclopaedism more. Purposefully looking away from someone may be a sign of arrogance or anger.The length of time that eye contact is held has a message of its own. Eye contact with a stranger is instantaneous. to a greater extent than a glance makes both parties uncomfortable. Maintaining eye contact with a person of the oppo patterne sex for too long can mean knowledgeable interest an inappropriate business message. Extended eye contact mingled with men who do not know each other is an underlying threat. By contrast, it is acceptable in public speaking to hold eye contact with audience members as a sign of involvement and engagement.Eye contact is the most difficult of all facial features to fake. Even perspicacious changes in contact and expression have the power to show pie-eyed feelings if interpreted correctly.Facial ExpressionsClosely linked to eye contact, facial expressions are movements of the administration that reflect attitudes and emotions that often difficult to read. With the vast number of possible expressions, the promote at which they change, and the ability of most people to mask messages they do not want to send, all but the most obvious expressions may be misinterpreted. Psychologists have identified six emotions that are expressed facially in all parts of the wo rld happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, and fear.PosturePosture is the position of our body as we sit or stand. It can communicate strong non verbal cues. For examplelet our head drop, leaning back and supporting our head with our hand expresses boredom.Adopting an on the fence(p) sitting posture, with our head and body to one side and legs uncrossed, often communicates agreement. locomote rapidly with our hands moving freely at our side may communicate confidence and goal orientation.Referenceswww.yahoo.comwww.google.com

Dysfunctional Behaviour Essay

A nonadaptive behaviour can be delimit as an inappropriate action or response, other than an activity of fooling living, in a given social milieu that is a task for the c aregiver. Dysfunctional behaviours comm plainly accompany cognitive impairment and are a significant source of burden to caregivers. Dysfunctional behaviours may be the starting signal sign of a dementing illness, even before caregivers perceive changes in the forbearings cognitive abilities.Dysfunctional Behaviour has been called many things- abnormal, atypical and shortly impaired- which seem to reflect societys view of the individual. If someone is non able to function as a normal human being, the differentiate dysfunctional carries less stigma than the check off abnormal. It states that a someone is clearly not functioning correctly and is therefore not leading what would be considered a normal life. He or she may overlook the full range of emotions or feelings and may participate in only a limited range of behaviours that does not allow for a to the full functioning lifestyle.Approaches of Dysfunctional Behaviour* BehaviouralThe behaviourist perspective is that we are born blank slates and all behaviour is learnt. Therefore any dysfunctional behaviour is learnt, by operant conditioning, classical conditioning, or social learning. This places the province on us to ensure that we do not teach dysfunctional behaviours to others.* biologicThe biological approach, which is part of biopsychology, would favour the nature side of the nature-nurture debate. Biological explanations of behaviour assert that something in our biology is the fundamental cause of dysfunctional behaviour. There could be genetic cause, or a malformation of thinker structures.* CognitiveThe third approach to explain dysfunctional behaviour is that of cognitive psychology, which sees our behaviour as being a consequence of some informal cognitive processing of information. Much like a computer, we take i n information, process it and respond in some way. If however there is a problem with the circuit boards in a computer, the response may not be what we would expect, and this is the same with humans. If something goes wrong with what information we attend to, and how we perceive and store it, thus the response may not be what everyone expects and this could lead to a label of dysfunctional behaviour.

Business Plan in Bangladesh

Yangon Institute of Economics department of Management Studies MBA Programme Business Plan for localise alkaliwear manufacturing and dispersion Submitted by Nay Zar Myo Roll No 36 15th hole MBA Plan Outline 1. Executive compact 2. Company Summary 3. Products 4. securities industry Analysis Summary i. grocery store Segmentation ii. Distribution Strategy iii. Market Trends 5. Competition and Buying Patterns Competitive Edge 6. Strategy and Implementation Summary Sales Strategy 7. Management Summary 8. Financial Plan i. central Assumptions ii. Break-even Analysis iii. Projected Profit and Loss iv. Projected Cash flowing v. Projected Balance Sheet vi.Business Ratios 1. Executive Summary POINT is a recent start-up manufacturer of an upscale ladies foot wear line (in tack to substitute Foreign foot wears market) targeted at females between the ages of 16 and 65. POINT not only develops the foot wear line, but supports it with advertising and procession campaigns. Pyay Lai Man ufacturing and Trading Company plans to strengthen its partnership with retailers by developing soft touch awareness. POINT intends to market its line as an alternative to existing foot wear lines, and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness, sophisticated design and technologies and naughty brand awareness.The key message associated with the POINT line is classy, upscale, versatile, and inexpensive footwear. The conjunctions promotional plan is diverse and includes a range of marketing communications. In the future, the company hopes to develop lines of accessories, raw materials (rubber, leather, velvet) and foot wears for men, women, and children. The Figure is drawn based on the Income Statement of the year 2000, 2001 and 2002 when the company manufactured and distributed only traditional slippers (leather and velvet) for men, women and children. Keys to achievement 1. Seek out feedback from our customers (teens and ad

The Relationship between Prestige Pricing and Advertising Choices

Prestige set is a pricing strategy through which punctuate image of a fruit is enhanced by the scathe fixed for it. This pricing strategy is also termed as psychological strategy as the consumers feel that since the price of a output is high-pitched than its other competitive products in the market, it might be superior in quality. They dont even try to find out whether in that respect is any difference in the ingredients or construction of the higher(prenominal) and disgrace priced product or not. Due to this pricing strategy, the top brands enjoy higher share in the market even when their products are priced 30%to 40%higher than a similar product with no brand value.Cosmetics, drugs, apparels etc. enjoy more market share if they have big brand image. Prestige pricing can also be termed as a non-pricing strategy because there is no need for the advertize to mention price at all. Instead, in the advertizement of these products more focus is paid on service and quality. The lesser a customer knows active the quality of a product the better are chances of him to possess lured by the advertizing of the product. If the product has a good brand value, the customer is fully confident about its quality and dont even look at its advertising from a point of view of getting assured of its quality.Advertising choices for prestigiousness priced products are immense because the producer has enough money to splurge upon advertisements. therefrom he can afford the best advertising options. If he is advertising in print medium he chooses the best life personal manner magazines because its glossy pages speak volumes about the product even without any product information.He has the option of paying the high profile celebrities to endorse the brand. secure the image of the celebrity along with the product is enough to grab the attention of the consumers. If the producer does not apply the prestige pricing strategy, his advertising choices get limited. The mor e the price, the better are the advertising options. Karlof and Lovingsson (2005, p. 286) have rightly observe the following effects of the interrelation between prestige pricing and advertising choices competition is lowdemand exceeds supplya company enjoys the model of virtual monopolyIn the words of Griffiths and Wall (2004, p.163) If manufacturers can create an connecter in consumers mind that premium prices mean higher quality and exclusiveness, then(prenominal) they can engage in prestige pricing. This can be do none other than advertising. Advertising choices and prestige pricing are interrelated. So the practice of psychologically influencing the consumers choices is evident from the sophisticated advertising campaigns of all the high priced products in the market.The money spent on producing a product is appeal while the price is the money the consumer spends to buy that product. In the prestige pricing strategy the price is not related to the value of the product th at the consumers are made to feel that way. This is not possible without the range of advertising choices available in this kind of strategy. So it can be reason that prestige pricing and advertising choices go hand in glove. excogitate count 535ReferencesArens, W.F. and Bovee, C.L. (5 Ed.). (1994). Contemporary Advertising. USA IRWINGriffiths, A. and Ison, S. (2002). Business Economics. UK Heinemann.Griffiths, A. and Wall, S. (Ed.). (10 Ed.). (2004). Applied Economics. England PearsonEducation Limited.Karlof, B. and Lovingsson, F. (2005)The A-Z of charge Concepts And Models.London Thorogood Publishing.

Policy of Containment Essay

Americans guess that if Franklin D. Roosevelt would have lived longer, that he would have been able to stem the tide of tensions betwixt the Soviet Union and the joined landed estates. His successor lacked greatly the Talent of FDR. The reinvigorated president, who was more comfortable with machine politicians than with polished New Dealers, liked to tittle-tattle tough and act defiantly. Truman complained that the U.S. Negotiations had been a one way street salutary ten days after he took office. He then vowed to not baby the Soviet no longer.A crisis in the Mediterranean prompted hot seat Truman to show his colors. On February 21, 1947, amid a civil war in Greece, wide Britain informed the U.S. State Department that it could no longer afford to support up the anti-Communist government there and announced its intention to move out all aid. Truman concluded, Greece, Turkey, and perhaps the entire oil-rich Middle East would fall chthonian Soviet control, without U.S. Interv ention.On March 12, 1947, the President made his argument in front Congress in bold terms At the present arcminute in world history, nearly every nation must rent between alternative ways of sprightliness One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished be free institutionsand exemption from policy-making oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed on the majority And the suppression of personal freedoms. neer mentioning the Soviet Union by name, he appealed for all-out resistance to a certain ideology wherever it appeared in the world. The preservation of peace and the freedom of all Americans depended, the president insisted, on containing communism.Congress approved a $four hundred million appropriation in aid for Greece and Turkey, which helped the monarchy and right-wing armed forces obturate the rebel movement. Trumans victory buoyed his familiarity for the upcoming 1948 election. It also helped to generate popular support for a campaign against communism, both at home and abroad.The implication of what became known as the Truman Doctrine far outlastedthe events in the Mediterranean the United States had declared its right to intervene to save other nations from communism. As early as February 1946, impertinent-policy advisor George F. Kennan had sent an 8,000-word long telegram to the State Department insisting that Soviet fanaticism made cooperation impossible. The USSR intended to break away its realm not by military means alone, he explained, but by subversion within free nations. The Truman Doctrine expound the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union as absolute and irreconcilable, as an ideological breach that resonated far beyond foreign policy. It was now the responsibility of the United States, Truman insisted to safeguard the Free World by diplomatic, economic, and, if necessary, military means. He had, in sum, fused anti communism and inte rnationalism into an aggressive foreign policy.The Truman Doctrine complemented the European Recovery Program, commonly known as the marshall Plan. On June 5, 1947 the plan was introduced in a commencement speech at Harvard University by secretary of state and former army chief of cater George C. marshall. The plan sought to reduce hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos and to restore the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. Although Marshall added that our policy is directed not against any sphere or doctrine, the plan that bore his name additionally aimed to turn rump both socialist and Communist electoral bids for power in northern and western Europe while promoting democracy through an economic renewal.The roughly successful postwar U.S. Diplomatic venture, the Marshall Plan supplemented the Bretton Woods agreements by further improving the climate for a viable capitalist economy, in western Europe and in effect bringing recipients of aid into a bilateral agreement with the United States. Western Europe nations, seventeen in all, ratified the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which reduced commercial message barriers among member nations and opened all to U.S. Trade and investment. The plan was costly to Americans, in its initial year taking 12 percent of the federal official budget, but effective. Industrial production in the European nations covered by the plan rose by200 percent between 1947 and 1952. Although deflationary programs cut wages and increased unemployment, profits soared and the standard of living improved. Supplemented by a multimedia propaganda campaign, the Marshall Plan introduced many Europeans to American consumer goods and lifestyles.The Marshall Plan drove a deeper wedge between the United States and the Soviet Union. Stalin was invited to participate but he denounced the plan for what it was, an American scheme to redo Germany and to incorpo rate it into and anti-Soviet bloc that encompassed all western Europe. The president readily declare that the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine were twain halves of the same walnut.The policy of containment depended on the ability of the United States to back up its commitments through military means, and Truman invested his faith in the U.S. Monopoly of atomic weapons. The U.S began to build atomic stockpiles and to conduct tests on the Bikini Islands in the Pacific. By 1950, as a scientific adviser observed, the U.S. Has a stockpile capable of somewhat more than reproducing World war II in a single day.The U.S. Military analysts estimated it would take the Soviet Union three to ten years to produce an atomic bomb. In August 1949, the Soviet Union proved them wrong by test its own atomic bomb. There is only one subject worse than one nation having the atomic bomb, Noble prize-winning scientist Harold C. Urey said, thats two nations having it.The United States and Soviet Un ion were now steadfastly locked into the Cold fight. The nuclear arms race imperiled their futures, diverted their economies, and fostered fears of impending doom. Prospects for globular peace had dissipated, and despite the Allied victory in World War II, the world had again divided into hostile camps.

What Do You See as Some of the Crucial Roles of Informal Language in Contemporary Australia?

versed wrangle has a variety of functions in Australian society. What do you entrance as some of the crucial roles of unceremonial language in modern-day Australia? Informal language has a variety of functions in Australian society. The main(prenominal) function of informal language has to do with Australias culture. Slang and informal language gives a sense of belonging, pride, mateship, informality and laid-backness, which is an accurate description of a typical Australian. In Australian society slang is a jet feature of spoken and written conversation. The expletive bloody is very gross in Australian language.Bloody is quite typical of Australian language that it can be used as a hyphen in many various volumes and phrases, for example fan-bloody-tastic. The suffix on the rest of bloody is another feature worth noting as it does emphasise the Australian accent. Bloody has now become an important indicator of Australianness and of cultural value such as friendliness, infor mality, laid-backness, and mateship (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob, ABC Books 2012). The word mate, which is another behavior of saying friend, is typical Australian slang and it is mainly used in an informal context.The word mate suggests openness, at least to a family of equals (Richard Castles, The Big Issue 4-17 November 2008). The openness created from using the word mate is a positive face feature possibly leading to build rapport. there are right and wrong times to use slang and with the word mate for example, calling a woman mate runs the risk of offence, as its an ambiguous word and in a formal situation deal a job interview, using the word mate especially referring to if it is your boss, is not something that is acceptable depending on the relationship with the person.

Adolescence is a fascinating time of life

Adolescence is a mannikin of life that begins with the self-discovery of oneself and relationship with the world outside. It is a phase when minorren argon finding themselves entered into adult life surrounded by excitement and stress already stored for them. Freud captured the stage of adolescence in its delimited fascicule when he evoked Adolescence is fraught with internal struggle. Upon entering the genital phase of adolescence, the child is bombarded with instinctual impulses that disrupt this balance.The ego is torn between the strong impulses of the id and the restrictions of the superego. This conflict makes adolescence a time of tremendous stress and turmoil. (Recapp Online) The offsprings argon swayed by the waves of high societys upheavals and parental hypocritical approaches towards their lives, making them to question their own identity. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett refers adolescence to as Emerging Adulthood where adolescents are slowly and gradually moving towards adulth ood. It is a time when they are free from any social obligations and expectations and find themselves autonomous wanting to break from all bondages. It was in February 2008, court prosecuted 15 long time old girl in an aiding and abetting manslaughter by filming happy slapping onrush whereby a man was succumbed to death. Mr. Waterhouse was given punches and kicking by two youths 19, and a 17-year-old youth in Keighley, West Yorkshire, in the month of September 2007.though the man was able to take a walk back to his tight but soon died. All the youths admitted to the crime and the girl pleaded guilty for worthy part of this atrocious act of theirs. (Porter, ABC News Online, 2006) Happy slapping calamity has become preferably common among youths, formerly originated from South London in 2004. The victims are hit, punched and kicked and all the actions are recorded by youths in their supple phones or put up on the net to be enjoyed later. The edit of indulging in such hazardou s behaviors pose become quite common as revealed by the New South Wales Bureau of abomination Statistics and Research. The Bureaus director, Don Weatherburn reported saying that near 10 to 14 years old adolescents had become the cause of the serious reach for the law enforcement agencies.There was an abrupt rise of incidents from 175 per 100,000 population in 1995 to 487 in 2004. (Porter, ABC News Online, 2006) The above incident clearly manoeuvres girls much inclined towards violent behavior. Her m a nonher(prenominal) has put all the blame on the binge boozing which has become very common among youngsters in Britain-a socio heathen compulsion for youths. But the story above lacks clear explanation of what motivate a girl to become a part of the crime. Was it due to drinking or a trend or some other psychological or social factor? Pearson linked the girls violent behavior to the social problem faced by them. She says, Girls dont want to be endlessly told that theyre nothing but sex objects with low self-esteem they are rejecting victimhood. (Pearson, 1997) In the process of resisting sexism, girls have unfortunately gotten hip. (Pearson, 1997) Several studies have been conducted and several(prenominal) approaches applied to understand the increasing trend of the violent behavior among girls and Theories of in-your-face behavior is one among them putting forward the psychoanalytic aspect to the behavior problems among girls.News reported by April Simpson, in Boston humankind on 30th January 2007, changed our whole conception of how we perceive youths behavior. On one hand, adolescent behavior plunges us into the thought and on the other hand, the above news report shatters this myth. many a(prenominal) youths have proved themselves as responsible citizens and take violent behavior as a colorise on the society. Some youths from Boston, tired of violent behavior took initiative of jump a process of regular meetings with the police force to bring la w and come in problems and several other issues concerning youths to the notice of Police and other city officials. In first ever meeting at the Tobin-Mission Hill Community Center, around dozen students participated and discussed their problems and the measures to control crimes with Thomas M. Menino, Mayor, State Representative Jeffrey Sanchez, Councilor Michael P. Ross, and area police officers. (Simpson, 2007) From then on, these meetings became a routine affair.Not just with officers concerned they besides held the meetings among themselves to sort out measures to control violence they had been witnessing quite often in their neighborhood. This story does show youths shouldering responsibility to create conducive surround in their locality but this story does not show to what extent they have tried to address the problems and come out with the possible solutions and how far these youths were self-made in their mission? Both these stories reflect contrasting shades of youths behavior. In the story above, where girls are too demonstrating behavior not conducive for them shows gravity of the situation our youths have involved themselves. escorting at the current social and economic problem, it is not surprising to shoot the breeze youths specially girls being carried away by the lure of status and societal determine and bullying and brawling on roads along-with their mail counterparts. But it is in like manner square(a) their show of cat fighting is not new, and the main culprit is their intent model in movie or TV soap, known as Script theory. As these are scripts only that create impressionable count on of brawling girls. For e.g. Power-puff girls defeating their archenemy, Mojo Jojo, with hitting and kicking increases the likelihood that girls will also imitate them and see the bullying and vulturousness as a means to resolve their problems. (Kirsh, 2006) Criminologists also state the exposure to violence at homes as the biggest reason for the youths curiously girls to show their aggressive attitude.Lisa Broidy and Robert Agnew also point to the failed relationships as biggest crises in the lives of girls. These girls show their repressed feelings and grievances by shouting, yelling, hitting and abusing, in their own words, Abusive and failed relationships are a major source of strain in the lives of many womanish offenders. (Chesney-Lind & Pasko, 2004) For guys, violence becomes a means to show their macho power among their peers. though socio and economic factors too count as the reason behind their adapting to the aggressive behavior but it is more of their hurt ego, which immerses in the form of violence. Many psychologists termed their criminal tendency towards Social-information-processing theory.Theory posits the view that Youths engage in these cordial processes over and over in real time during social interactions and that at bottom particular types of situations, individuals develop characteristic patterns o f processing cues at each bar in the model. These patterns form the basis of psychopathologic tendencies. (Psychiatry Health SE.com, Online) For e.g. if provoked, youths may recede to cues such as threats, show hostile intentions to others and adopt aggressiveness skillfully and successfully, which implies that they are more prone to adopt conduct disorder. It is the community programs and initiatives as demonstrated by the youths from Boston that could make some difference in the long run in the lives of youths prone to violence. Dr Toni Makkai, the Director of the Australian wreak of Criminology, called for more and more intervention programs to support young mothers and give them knowledge and skills to foster in their children their importance towards society, address their problems with love and bring them into the environment of friendliness and care. (Porter, ABC News Online, 2006)WORKS CITEDArnett Jensen. 2006. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, 3rd edition, scholar Hal l. Chesney-Lind, M & Pasko, L. 2004. Girls, Women, and Crime Selected Readings. Sage Publications. Kirsh, S. J. 2006. Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence A Critical Look At Research. California & London Sage Publications. Pearson, P. 1997. Youre so cute when youre mad. The Globe and Mail. 29 November, p. D3. Porter, B. (ABC News Online) 2006. PM NSW youth crime on the rise. Retrieved on April 6, 2008. Psychiatry.HealthSE.com. 2004-2005. Social-Information-Processing Theory. Recapp. Developmental Theories. Retrieved on April 6, 2008 from W.W.W HYPERLINK http//www.etr.org/recapp/theories/AdolescentDevelopment/developmentalTheories.htm http//www.etr.org/recapp/theories/AdolescentDevelopment/developmentalTheories.htm Simpson, A. (Boston Globe) Teens reach out for help against violence. Retrieved

Relations of Television Viewing and Reading Essay

A lot of studies concerning boob tube masking impacts on students academic performance permit been made, but on that point ar still questions related to this that are c every for to be answered. To bring more than clarifications in this aspect, Marco Ennemoser and Wolfgang Scheider conducted the study entitled relations of Television Viewing and meter class period Findings From a 4-Year Longitudinal Study. As stated in the article, the study aims to determine the long-term effects of television viewing on the development of childrens class period competencies.After conducting scientific processes and methods among German children, the researchers were subject to conclude that television viewing has a contradict effect on students variation skills. The article was generally informative and reliable. in that location were some technical errors in the writing role, but the study itself was a mastery. Summary On the first part of the article, the researchers discussed fou r inhibition hypotheses which in all likelihood explain how television viewing whitethorn hinder is reading development. These inhibition hypotheses are 1.Displacement meditation reading condemnation may be displaced by television watching. 2. Passivity hypothesis moo mental effort in television watching may ground tackle reduced effort in reading and writing. 3. Concentration Deterioration hypothesis televisions rapid changes in context and pacing may cause childrens inability to concentrate on a task. 4. Reading Depreciation hypothesis Students motivation in investing energy in learning may diminish due to pleasant experiences with television. After discussing these hypotheses, the researchers pass up the positive side by referring to facilitation hypothesis.This hypothesis views television as a facilitator to ones reading development. Then, otherwise factors affecting childrens intellectual ability such as IQ and SES were discussed. Methodological problems among previo us studies explaining relationship between television watching and academic achievement were minded(p) upkeep. The researchers analyzed the flaws in their methodologies in order to create a come apart methodological design for their own study. The study was conducted for 4 years among 2 age age brackets of German children. Cohort 1 is composed of kindergarten students, while cohort 2 is composed second grade students.Their families also collaborated with the researchers to keep records of their viewing time and the genre of the programs they were viewing. Tests were given to measure their reading speed and reading comprehension. Data gathered from the 4-year study were analyzed. Results showed that TV genre affected the students reading achievement. Educational programs had positive effects on their reading achievement. On the other hand, entertainment programs were negatively correlated with reading comprehension. The results also showed that viewing causa/duartion (light, medi um, and heavy) is related to their reading progress over time.Light and medium viewing auditory modality have faster reading progress compared to the heavy viewers. Critique In the research paper of Marco Ennemoser and Wolfgang Scheider, hypotheses concerning the effects of television viewing on reading achievement were discussed. This is actually a good start. Putting up context information about possible results of the study would create a break away understanding on readers perspective. This gave them the opportunity to relate studies results to formulated hy However, the hypotheses reviewed by the researchers seem to be lacking.On a studyconducted by Mary Antonette De Ocampo of Univeristy of the Philippines Diliman, 2 more theories behind childs television viewing werecited. The first one is the information processing surmise which, according to her thesis paper, says that learners are viewed as active seekers and processors of information (De Ocampo, 2007). The other one is the short-term gratification theory which, also according to her thesis paper, says that television programming promotes short attention spans and quick fix magical answers that are non-conducive to high levels of school success(De Ocampo, 2007).Results shown by Marco Ennemoser and Wolfgang Scheiders study reflect these two hypotheses cited in De Ocampos study. If these were allowd in their study, then these two hypotheses would be enlightened and there would be more contribution to the body knowledge of television viewing. Methods were expounded all throughout the paper but not in a elliptical manner. There were cases wherein concepts related to methods were discussed more than once. It would be more convenient to readers if methodological processes were summed up into one section.Through this, it would be easier to locate the overall procedure conducted in the study. Materials, equipment, and procedure were also not explained well in the article. match to Kastenset. al. , m ethod section of a scientific paper must include description of materials, procedure, and theory (www. ldeo. columbia. edu, nd. ). Descriptions are needed so that readers would be able to understand the context meaning of original words included in the paper. For example, the study did not describe what general audience entertainment programs are and how they differ from educational programs.There was a gray line between those two. There are educational programs which could be entertainment programs, too. There is a need for clarifications of descriptions. This very crucial in the conduction of study because the parents, who leave record the TV programs genre watched by their children, must be communicate well so that they would be able to classify the genre of certain TV programs. Yes, the researchers listed the title of educational programs in their study, but how about the audience entertainment programs? Also, descriptions are important in this for future reference.